Best Celebration I Ever Had Essay Example for Free

Best Celebration I Ever Had EssayGraduation sidereal day, boy what a day. Man Id have to say is that that was by far the most nerve-racking day ever. Up to this point in my lifeline of my history. Many thoughts were racing through my head. all told the parties, family showering you with gifts. I couldnt hardly sleep the night before because of the anixety of not having the choice of never having to go back to school again. Actually it was probably more than of a relief for the faculty and staff because, I was the last Beckert running through the hallways. Of course out of the two of us in the family, my brother was a real angel. I was always the one who was made an example of in school and always into mischief all the time. Of course ,what do you expect when you settle to school drunk and told to go home.As i got up for graduation day my palms were sweatty all day. I took three showers to keep cool , but then I realized I was only graduating. It wasnt wish well I was winni ng a million dollars or going on the show, Deal or No Deal. When I arrived at the school, we gathered in the cafeteria and waited for the music to start so we could walk, for the last time, out of Tri-Valley High School as a student.I looked out of the corner of my eye and one of my teachers was waving his hand to tell me that I needed to come talk to him real quick. So, ran over and asked, Whats going on Mr Rotella. He replied ,noting I need to grace you with some information and you can take any way want to. At beginning I looked around and thought it was going to be something bad. So I listened. And it was advice on life from a teacher that had been through alot. He said, Aaron remember, life is like a roll of tiolet theme. Iwas dumbfounded by this statement. Then i said, what do you mean by this Mr.Rotella. He Replied, you can mke your life short and wasteful, or you can show it long and useful. I started to laugh inside to myself about it. He looked at me and said, what is so funny. I replied, Ive never thought that i would compare my life to roll of tiolet paper. He looked at me and was telling to think about it while.So I thought ,as I walked across the front yard of Tri-Vallley High School. It slowly started to sink in and I think it had stunner me when I walked across the stage to receive the exercise that was worth the time invested. Right before I got ready to send my cap into the air, it finally dawn on me what he was trying to say. The simile hit me out of nowhere like as if Mike Tyson had blindsided me. Mr.Rotella was simply trying to lead me in the right direction. Thats why he was stating that it was up to me to make the choice. Just like the simile that he was portraying to me in the classroom. Needless to say, I took his advice. Oh yes i took his advice, and let me say I used that roll of skunk paper. But ,he never did state specifically that couldnt have more than one roll.Meaning that I have had to purchase a few rolls, since the day I walked across the front lawn of Tri-Valley High School. Im sorry no one can make one roll of toilet paper last ten years. I have though in the last ten years, educated that same thought on a lot of good deal and just like me they all did the same thing at first. They would giggle and then about twenty minutes later it would hit them. That look of howler thats an extremely deep thought. My ten year reunion is coming up and Im sure the rebutle to the teacher will be quite amusing. Hopefully since I have gained a few years. Maybe he will bestow other simile upon me to think about for another few years. At least I took one piece of information out with me when I hit them doors for the very last time.

Glow Essay Example for Free

Glow EssayInvestigation of the effect of cold temperatures on the lasting time of gleaming sticks. Aim to check out whether freezing a glow stick will affect its longevity. Hypothesis The glow sticks will last longer when they are frozen than when they are at room temperature. Background information Glow sticks are made of hydrogen peroxide, a phenyl oxalate called ester, and phosphorescent dye. The ester and phosphorescent dye are kept in virtuoso part of the glow stick, the hydrogen peroxide in the other, separated by a piece of glass. No chemical chemical reaction occurs until the glass breaks, combining the chemicals unitedly inside the tube.Cooling a glow stick slows the reaction a slightly and causes it to last longer, but the light is dimmer. This can be demonstrated by freezing an activated glow stick. When it is reheated, it will begin to glow again. However, if the chemical reaction has already occurred and the glow stick has already gone out, freezing the glow stic k will not cause it to begin glowing again. A high quality glow stick will last 8-12 hours, provided there is no otherwise interference. It will glow faintly for about one day after this time period is over, however the primary glow will bugger off gone out.Other factors, such as the color of the glow stick (Green, yellow and orange are the brightest colors and therefore last the longest. ), the previous sermon of the glow sticks (Sometimes, a glow stick will have been accidently activated by being knocked over or bumped before the activator intends to, meaning that the chemical reaction may have already occurred by the time it is intended to be activated. ) and the amount of light they are exposed to and for how long. (Being hit with direct light alter the glow stick, lessening its longevity. )

Importance Factors in Crime Scene Preservation

Importance Factors in Crime Scene PreservationAccording to the lecture on disgust mount solicitude the process of wickedness painting management is as follows. The different role players within the SAPS respond to the nuisance chance with due reflexion someoneal safety, while at same time looking for potential differentiate and possible suspects. The researcher wants to determine whether the role players from the components such as the clear policing, detectives and the Local Criminal Record Centre attended the murder evil scenes with the purpose of obtaining the required evidential material for linking suspects with the offence scene and for court purposes, merely to determine whether such role players has the expertise to line possible suspects at the murder scenes, SAPS (2006).In terms of SAPS, DCLP (2006) and SAPS Policy Number 1 (2004) on execration scene management, the procedure in the offensive scene of curse is as followsThe graduation member to arrive at the nuisance scene exit dupe the plague scene from the members of the earthly concern and immediately take control of the scene and identify the injured victims. The first member leave behind establish the command ticker and act as Acting Commander for the Centre until the Official Commander is appointed. The Acting Commander testament administers each(prenominal) the resources as required by the crime scene role-players examples of such resources atomic number 18 visible policing, Specialized units, Emergency services, Defence Force units etc and if the scope of the crime scene escalates (i.e) incident where public line of battle policing or the task force is required, a major aircraft crash or any major operation), the command centre will further supported by the insane asylum of a field joint operational centre. The establish excess routes to the crime scene for control purpose.The first member will hand over the crime scene to the appointed crime scene motorcoach o n stretch who will be accompanied by the detectives and the crime scene technician and conduct a detail inspection to determine certain key aspects of the crime scene. The crime scene passenger vehicle, the crime scene technician and the investigating incumbent will gain on the first walk by dint of plan and agree on the crime scene investigating, processing strategy and methodo lumbery which they will follow.The crime scene motorbus will appoints the investigating officer who will be the principal investigator and be amenable for the maintaining of the case docket, investigating officer to co-ordinates the investigating group and for the maintaining the investigation diary and keeping track of the whole process and the investigating team is responsible for information gathering and proceeds which the interviewing of witnesses and taking down statements (SAPS 2006).The crime manager will overly appoints the crime scene technician who will be the principal processing expert on the crime scene and evaluates the testify possibilities and assembles the processing team with the correct skills to effectively process the crime scene. Crime scene technician will be supported by fussyists available to assist the processing team on the crime such specialists are provided by the Forensic Science testing ground, Pathology, etc. The processing team will prepare a realistic visual delegacy of the scene to a court of law (SAPS 2006).After the crime scene team has completed their activities in the crime scene, the crime scene manager will conducts a final walk through of the scene, accompanied by the investigating officer and the crime scene technician. The purpose of walk-through is to review the activity of the investigation and processing team, ensuring that the original plan has been executed. The crime scene manager will conduct a debriefing with both role players as the last probability to collect any wrong decision made during the process and to ensure that completely required actions cause been performed. The crime scene manager will relate the crime scene and ensuring that all equipments has been removed and authorised the crime scene to be released to the public (SAPS 2006).Sometime after the tied(p)t the crime scene manager calls a meeting with all the relevant role players to evaluate the process for lessons learnt planning the on going investigation, commenced on successes and identify mistakes. Cox (2009) in her article, explains that in order to ensure that the certainty is protected, the first person at the crime scene should secure it with barriers and or crime scene tapes soon after arriving at the crime scene, in addition, some should act as security guard so that people who do non belong at the attitude are kept out of the crime scene.According to lee side, Palmbach Miller, (2001), the first responders to a crime scene are usually Police, Emergency Medical personnel or bring up Department personnel. Their ac tions at the scene are often the foundation for the successful resolution of the crime. These first responding Officers are also in many cases some of the individuals, who may, through the course of doing their job, inadvertently change or alter the crime scene from its original correct, Lee, et al (2001). They further emphasized that those persons must(prenominal) do their job plainly they must always keep in intellectual that they will begin the process of linking the crime scene to the victim, the witness and ultimately, to the suspect. Any disruption of the crime scene may prevent the link to the suspect. The critical matters such as training, education, experience are all necessary for any potential first responder Lee et al, (2001).The process to be followed according to Roland (2007) correspond with (SAPS 2006) in the sand that the first Officers to respond are responsible for the securing the crime scene and preserving it as they found it. This performer ensuring that nonhing is raise uped or moved so that any physiologic conclusion is non compromised or contaminated, if there are victims displaying signs of life the Police will call a team of Paramedics to give on site assistance if they did not respond to the initial emergency call. The injured outhouse indeed be removed to Hospital, but dead bodies need to be left as they were found since vital causes provide be obtained from studying the position and condition of the victim. The old investigating officer will begin by interviewing the officers who were first on the scene to b early(a) their initial impression of the location and the behaviour of those who were directly involved.In a murder enquiry the suspects residence will require searching as well as the site where the remains of the victim has been discovered. Team is direct by a crime scene controller who answers to a superior the superior then reports to the investigating officer. When the crime scene is a house, an apartmen t, commercial build or vehicle all which peck be sealed off and examined in the minutes detail and if murder or violent aggress has occurred in one celestial orbit of a building . The whole property will be considered relevant to the case and will be scoured for clause.When exterior location Police may discombobulate to extend the perimeter to includes vehicle tyre tracks, footprints and areas where there is a change of catch outing personal items, discarded cigarettes butts, a ordnance or trace deduction which might put up been snagged on undergrowth. It is a burial site for murder victims. There could be other makeshift sculpture in the area all in which will save to be excavates, photographed and combined for corporeal leaven. Exterior scene may also have to be isolated by a tent to protect curtilage from the effects of whether and to exclude the prying cores of curiosity seekers and media Roland (2007).It is clear that the procedure for the first person to arrive a t the scene of crime is to ensure that the crime is protected for potential turn up. Cox(2009), Lee, el at 2001) and Roland (2007) support the (SAPS1 (2004) on crime scene management as well as the SAPS DCLP (2006).Wayne, Patherick, brant goose, Turvey, Claire Ferguson (2010) indicates that particular attention should be given to determine if this is the only scene or whether there are secondary crime scenes that need to be located. Investigators will have only a limited amount of time to work a crime site in its unswayed state. The opportunity to permanently record the scene in its original state must not be lost, such records will not only be useful during an investigation but are also required for deliveration at trial Wayne et al (2010).Wayne et al (2010) has also stated that it is important that upon arrival at the scene investigators implement crime scene procedures, supervise uniform personnel and provide direction to the investigation to facilitate this. An investigative team should be nominated. This team should consist of an arresting officer, a corroborating officer, and an exhibit officer. This procedure is standard in most Police services for any major crime. The exhibits officer is responsible for protection and collection of exhibits, through to the examination of exhibits and their final production in court cases. The arresting officer and the corroborating officer are responsible for interaction with suspects and have final responsibility prosecuting the matter to trial. This team should be overseen by a senior Detective who has a broad management role in ensuring that a major incident room (MIR) or command post is established to support and manage investigative functions at the crime scene and also at ulterior make ups of the investigations Wayne et al (2010).Furthermore Wayne et at (2010) elaborates the initial assessment stage of crime scene that the trained investigators should have control of the investigation and begin to identify possible witnesses and suspects they should begin this stage by evaluating physical evidence located with a view to assisting with suspect generation by prioritising the most evidence (e.g) desoxyribonucleic acid located at a scene is powerful evidence as compared to an un-identified item such as clo issue). It is also at this point that the investigators should familiarise themselves with the victim by performing interviews with the victim if still alive, or alternatively by conducting a victim logy (or profile) if the victim is the deceased. The profile should include the history of the victim, associates, illegal links, family and financial records. This step is important because the characteristics of a victim can provide links to possible suspects in particular, investigators may be able to draw inferences to the highest degree the offenders motive, modus operandi, and signatures behaviour (Turvey, 1999). Having done this, the investigators should be able to know the informat ion round the victim. Wayne et al (2010).According to Wayne et al (2010) during the investigation stage the investigators undertake the most dispute work. At this point investigators must attempt to establish a motive for the crime, if this can be done, it must be accurate, then this information will greatly assist in reducing the suspect pool. Witness account also need to be closely examined at this stage and evaluated as to the assistance they can build a profile for the suspect. In this stage investigators should be ensuring that trained experts are evaluating all available physical evidence. Wayne et al (2010) further explain about the tar soak up stage of having carried out thorough examination of the crime scene, investigators need to build a profile for potential suspects from evidence available during the target stage. The investigators should then test the velocity of the evidence by seeking links between the suspect and the crime. All available evidence needs to be chann elled into providing a tie between the suspect and the victim, in relation to time, place and motive. It is at this point the investigators need to be fully conversant with the investigations gathered by investigators with regards to build a profile for potential suspects. The investigators should develop an investigative interview plan so that when the suspect is confronted, the investigators are clear of the direction and purpose of the action or doubting that they undertake in the arrest stage, Wayne (et al 2010).According to Jackson, Andrew and Jackson, Julie (2004) the duties of the first Police Officer attending and preservation of the crime scene is as followsMaintain the lever of any physical evidence that may be present. Carry out an initial assessment of the scene. Deal with any emergencies (the overriding duty of the first officer attending is to preserve life, irrespective of whether crucial evidence is destroyed in the process). Call for assistance as necessary. Pres erve the scene (unless it has been decided that physical evidence will not be recovered. Make an appropriate records of his or her assessment and actions (included in this times at which any key events took place, such as the first officer attending arrival at the scene and any estimated time of the incident that may be available from, for example, eyewitnesses. Communicate his or her assessment and actions to those who will take over the responsibility for the processing of the scene and or those responsible for the investigation of the case. Provide appropriate information about the processing of the case to those members of the public who are directly involved. The first officer attending the crime scene must during his or her initial assessment, ascertain whether any of the following are present or nearby. Injured persons victims.Eyewitnesses (who should be kept separate from one another, by the first officer attending need to avoid conversation between the eye witnesses that co uld distort their memories of the incident). Suspects (who must be kept separate from each other and from witnesses) it should be borne in mind that seemingly innocent might, in fact be suspects in case. Further Jackson et al (2004) provides that any crime scene from which physical evidence is recovered and record, this process is also known as documenting the crime scene. This is done by making pen notes that are augmented by photographs, video recordings and or sketches, as appropriate Jackson et al (2004).Jackson et al (2004) also mentioned the following recording on the crime scene. There must be a record of each item of physical evidence recorded from the scene, detailing the identified of the person who recovered it, the time and date at which it was recorded, the lease location from which it was taken and a verbal description of the item involved. A log of all images taken of the scene (whether by still photographing conventional digital or video recording) describing for each images.The exact location of the camera operatorThe identicalness of the camera operatorThe direction in which the camera was pointed.The time and date at which it was captured.Any special lighting or other conditions used.Any special light or other condition used.The items and / or area of the scene from which the image was captured.A log of any sketches made of the scene.A detailed description of the surroundings of the crime scene.A record of the conditions of whether and light that prevailed during the processing of the scene and a thorough description of the crime scene itself in the condition in which it was found prior to the removal of any physical evidence, including details or any features that might be of evidential worth (such as the location and condition of any likely points of the entry and or exits by the individuals involved in the incident). It is clear that on the crime scene the physical evidence needs to be protected for potential evidence. Wayne et al (2 010) and Jackson et al (200419) support to each other in terms of the process of crime scene management.According to Savino, John, Brent and Turvey (2005) provides the information to be learned from the crime scene as followsInvestigators can experience the sights, smells and sound of the crime scene, as the victim and the offender perceived them.Investigators can experience the spatial relationship with the scene.Investigators can experience how open, or secluded the scene is, suggesting possible witnesses.Investigators can experience how accessible or hidden the scene is to those not from the area, suggesting possible suspect populations.Investigators can learn what kind of traffic (vehicle and pedestrian), residences or businesses are nearby, suggesting possible witnesses and suspect populations.Investigators can experience transfer evidence first hand, vegetation, soil, glass, fibres, and any other material that may have transferred on to the victim or offender may transfer on t o them, providing examples of what to look for on suspect clothing or in suspects vehicles.Investigators can walk victim and offender routes themselves, seeing the sight first hand, in order to discover supererogatory witnesses and suspect population. This witnesses can include businesses with active surveillance camera that may have recorded some or all of the crime Savino et al (2005).The captive investigators may discover items of evidence previously thought lost and according to Savino and Turvey (2005) further elaborate the crime scene dos and donts that, locards exchange principle. Every interlocutor result in a transfer of evidence contact between items in around and obliterate it. The investigator needs to be on the crime scene and have some contact with the evidence, as do Forensic personnel however, reasonable steps can be taken to minimize how frequently evidence is added, moved and obliterated consider the following guidelines.Do not enter the crime scene until you h ave signed in on the crime scene security log. If there is not a security log, start one. The security log should contain name, agency, function, time in and out, and clothing description for later exclusionary purposes. One person should be assigned to maintain the log.Make certain that someone is assigned to photograph the crime scene and surrounding areas. Part of this denomination involves maintaining a log of each roll of film and each item and location photograph.Make certain that someone is assigned to sketch the crime scene. A rough sketch should be prepared at the scene showing measurements between items of evidence and spatial relationships within the scene. A final or silent sketch is prepared later, based on notes, photos, and other information gathered from the scene (Lee).Make certain that someone is assigned to maintain and evidence log.Do not collect multiple items of evidence in one bag or under one evidence number. This provides for potential cross -contamination .Wear usable latex gloves at all times- this will help prevents the transfer of fingerprints, sweat, and other material from your bare hand on the scene.Change gloves every time you touch a new item on the scene. This will help prevent cross-contamination between items at the same that you have touched.Do not dispose gloves by carelessly discarding them in the scene. They could wind up in the crime scene photo obscuring evidence, or worse, somebody might collect them as evidence and forge lab tests to determine their origin.Do not touch everything in sight. When you touch an end, you may move it from its original position or obliterate any evidence that may have been transferred to its surface during the crime, such as a fingerprints or biological fluids containing valuable DNA.Keep your hands in your pockets until they are needed.Do not wonder aimlessly through the crime scene.Do not touch, move or otherwise alter items of evidence before documenting them (photographs, measureme nts, etc)Do not stage collection effort from furniture involved in the crime. Set up your equipments elsewhere, away from areas of potential evidence transfer.Do not use the telephone on the scene. The offender may have used the phone. This evidence that should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence also, phone records should be checked for all incoming and outgoing local and long distance calls, as far back as possible.Do not use the television and / VCR at the scene. The offender may have used them, examine buttons for latent prints. Also, cable TV records should be checked both authors have worked cases where the offender has watched TV and / or ordered pornographic movies while waiting for the victim to return home.Do not use the bathroom. The offender may have the bathroom and may have lifted the toilet seat. The toilet should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence.Do not smoke, smoking changes smel ls of the air and results in hot ashes that have the potential to contaminate, melt, or even burn /ignite potential evidence. It also results in discarded cigarettes butts that may be confused as evidence.Do not eat into the crime scene and dropped food could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence.Do not drink. This is destruction and will results in refuse that could find its way into the crime scene and get more potential collected as evidence, also spilled liquids could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence.Do not spit, spitting result in the transfer of biological material into a crime scene.Do not bring civilians to a crime scene. This kind of thing show a lack of respect and professionalism, as well as introducing more potential transfer evidence into the scene and increasing the possibility that evidence may be carelessly contaminated or obliterated.Do not allow your superiors or colleagues to be civilians to a crime scene.Leave sealed containers sealed. Do not o pen sealed containers and sniff inside to determine the contents by odour. They may contain hazardours or toxic material such anhydrous ammonia, a necessary ingredient, especially the eye, skin, and respiratory tract will cause dehydration, cell destruction, and serve chemical burns.Do not touch pools of liquid in the crime scene. This is TV and movie behaviour done for dramatic effects to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work. If you do not know what something is you think it is important follow the appropriate documentation and collection procedures and submit it to the LAB for analysis.Do not taste anything at the crime scene. This also TV behaviour done for dramatic effect to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work.Do not interview the victim in the place where the attack occurred. This is extremely insensitive and may erode the trust between the victim and the investigator, to say nothing for potentially re-traumatising the victim.Do not leave the crim e scene to get something to eat, play lotto, go back to the office, or work on something else, until you are done.Make written notes of everyone in the crime scene and each persons role. That way youll know whom to call later if you need statement.Take written notes of everything in the crime scene that get your attention because nothing is significant to record if it catches ones attention.Do not lead a victim family members from the crime scene through the area where there attack occurred unless there is no other way.Supervisors in charged of the crime scene with reviewing the work of an investigative unit do well to note those issues during performance reviews. They should also measure to ensure that once this kind of mistakes are discovered, they are not related. This can be accomplished by training and by the example circle by seasoned investigators. Ignorance of physical evidence and protocol usually starts at the top, with those in charge and finds its way down through the r anks. Savino et al (2005). It is evident that members who attended the crime scene must follow the information guidelines of Savino et al (2005).According to Van Heerden (1982) the scene of crime can clarify, amongst others the followingThe position of the deceased body and of various objects in relation to the body, can for example be important indications of the case of death. This means that whether the death is as results of murder, suicide or accident. The direction from which vile approached the scene of crime and the manner in which the scene was left. The method used to commit the crime. The identity of the victim. The identity of the offender and the nature of his involvement in the crime.In view of the clarification as alluded by VAN HEERDEN (1982) it is important to illustrate how the potential evidence should be recognized, protected, recorded, collected and packaging, labelled or label, submission for analysis, sustentation of chain of possession of presentation in co urt. Marais, Rooyen, Pretorius, De Beer, Smith and Mostert (1992) et al provides that the following legal prerequisites should be critical importance to the investigator.Before physical evidence can be collected it must obviously be recognized. In a murder investigation one usually concentrates on the weapon or object that was used that caused the death. A search is also made here for blood, hair, fibres and tissue in an effort to connect the criminal with the crime scene. Case and common sense should be always prevail with due precaution not to destroy physical evidence that may exist and the guidelines offered in this regard that the scene should be observed in its entirely and notes made of the location of all obvious physical clues, points of entry and exit signs of location (struggle) and the size and share in the area should be restricted and care taken not to destroy or to disturb any evidence during the examination, a suitable search method must be decided upon and during t he search of an indoor scene. Special attention should be paid to fragile evidence that may be easily destroyed or contaminated. Places or objects where latent fingerprints may be found and other physical clues to be examined by the experts later need to be seemed. Comprehensive notes should also be made of all stains, spots, liquids and the like which could prove to have evidential value. The scene and surrounding areas must be demarcated off to ensure that valuable physical evidence is not destroyed or damaged by vehicles people or animals.The three main ways in which evidence is recorded are photographs sketches and written notes by the investigator. The photographs provides a permanent record of the object in the evident that concomitant handling alters or destroy it. An example is where attempts to make a plaster of a footprint ruin the impression or a laboratory examination, destroy the evidence an opportunity for the investigator to review the physical evidence in the case without handling the actual objects and opportunity for the officials of the court to examine evidence which is too dangerous, cumbersome or impressions on a door.Rough sketch of the scene is usually drawn by the investigator for the main purpose to indicate the precise location of people and objects involved. Specific measurements of distances on the area, and the exact location of all relevant evidence. The investigators notes contain the complete records of all evidence collected on the crime scene. Documentation of where and how the evidence was obtained, every items collected should be entered in the notes, the date, time, exact location and circumstances of how each item of evidence was obtained, should be included as well as a full description of it and how the evidence was marked Van Heerden (1982).Collection and packaging of the physical evidence provides that great care must be taken to collect all objects and samples intact, uncontaminated, un-mutilated and it should be b orne in mind that to satisfy legal requirements related to its introduction at a judicial proceeding, the investigator must be able to identify each piece of evidence, even years after it was collected, described the location and condition of the item at the time it was collected. Assist in establishing that, from the time of its collection until presentation in court, the evidence was continuously in proper custody and assist in describing any changes which may have occurred in the evidence between the time of collection and the subsequent introduction as evidence in court and the adherence to correct packaging techniques is essential. Faulty packaging can result in contamination, evaporation, scratching, binding, damaging and popular loss of physical evidence. Packaging and the packaging material must be of such quality that evidence do not move about and get damaged during the following processThe investigator should mark each item as soon as possible after discovered. The basic information on the label should include type of evidence (fibres, hair, metal drillings, soil etc) date and time of day evidence samples were collected, case number, exhibit number or other identifying number and source from which the sample was obtained that is victim s shirt, collar, front doorknob, left headlight or automobile etc.Preservation of the integrity of physical evidence is a continuous responsibility from the time it is discovered until the time it is presented in court or until the final settlement of the case determines its description. Preservation implies maintaining the evidence without alter tampering, contamination, loss or injury, physical evidence. Preservation involves forwarding to the laboratory for examination and analysis, obtaining it from the laboratory and keeping it safe under lock and key where it cannot be tampered with until it is delivered in court. In submission of physical evidence for analysis, only physical evidence that has a bearing on th e committed crime should be send to the laboratory. No restriction is placed on the nature and number of samples. The chances of success are usually personally enhanced by the more samples that are received. Physical evidence is usually personally delivered to the laboratory or sent by post or trial. It is sometimes necessary for the crime investigator to personally deliver physical evidence to the laboratory. In practice the method of delivery is determined by the distance from the laboratory, the seriousness of the case and the size of the physical evidence to mark all exhibits clearly that is the station case number e.g. exhibit A seal all exhibits with legible seal number, the full addresses of the sender and the Forensic Science Laboratory must appear on each parcel and a covering minute in duplicate must accompany each exhibit with the requirement that two(2) covering minutes must accompany each individual parcel Van Heerden (1982).With maintenance of the chain of possession, continuity of possession, that is the continuous safekeeping and identification of physical evidence, is essentially important in the individualisation when the crime investigator fails to properly identify or safe keep samples, that is, objects or items found at the crime scene or in possession f the perpetrator, it lowers the value of laboratory analysis to a minimum. The integrity of physical evidence is often questioned by the disaffirmation in court. The correct methods applied during collection, marking and packaging of evidence may nullified if account cannot be given of the persons who handled evaluated or safeguard the samples in order to preserve the integrity of physical evidence to limit the number of individuals who handle the evidence from the time it is found to the time it is presented in court. If the evidence leaves once possession, records in your notes to whom it was given in time and date, the reason for being given to another and when and by whom it was return ed, ensure that the persons handling the evidence affix their names, force number and date to the package. Obtain a signed receipt from the person accepting the evidence when the evidence in returned, check for your identification

UK Mixed Economy: Advantages and Disadvantages

UK Mixed Economy Advantages and DisadvantagesOBJECTIVESEngland is a country of 63.7 million pack. Her deli precise is the largest prudence of the four countries of the UK. UK has importance in textiles and chemical products, beside these the automobiles, locomotives and aircrafts are alike the important industrial products. UNITED KINGDOM has the the 3rd in the Europe and 6th largest national sparing in the world by the nominal GDP. ENGLAND is a confused prudences country, beside other country such(prenominal) as ICELAND, SWEDEN, FRANCE UNITED STATES, RUSSIA, CHINA and HONG KONG. These are the countries prudence is fuse, in those economy society s bunstily about of the part is manged by the political sympathies and the rest it controlled by the reclusive firms and the individuals.Being the mixed economy the ENGLAND has to face mevery advantage and the some disadvantage. In run throughstairs we result find its total idea.Definition of nice command, needy market and the mixed economyPure command economy When any economy is in full controlled by the government, the government decide the allocation of the resourses and they answer the three questions of allocation. This fiber of economy is theoretical extreme example of economy, it the real world it does not exits, we just use this casing of theoretical example for the comparison of the real world economy. Through laws, restrictions, regulations and the involuntary taxes the government force all allocation. In this type of economy the Government set the rules for the people, and if they do not fol menial the rules they provide be punished. The communistic CHAINA and the former SOVIET UNION are the considerably example for the pure command economy.Five characteristics of the pure command economyAccording to the need of the nations the government provides the reasonedsThe government regulated the all price and to a greater extentover the globe good will be the available for the public needs The salaries, wealth will be the same for every bodyThere will be putting surface goals, the technology will be jiben the greater advantage because of the elections are being allocated correctly to achieve the goalNo unfinished project, no inflation and the low unemployment.Free market This type of economy is based on with the little or without any government control on the supplement and the demand. In this type of economy market, the buyers and the sellers are allowed to business freely, where the mutual understanding on price is found and we will not find any form of taxes, subsides or regulations.In the simple way a full free market is summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society, here the agreement is free and mutual understanding for service or good between cardinal parties .Mixed economy In the mixed economy system we will see variety of the government and the private control, its looks like the combination of the socialism and the capitalism.We cant find a single mixed economys definition, where we will find a degree of the government regulation of the markets and the a degree of the economy exemption. We can describe the mixed economy as the market economies with the unassailable administrative overlooking.England as a mixed economyEngland has the one of the biggest stintings of the world, in this economy the Private and the Public contribution is same. Here the public monomania has been reducing since last two decades. While England was first industrialization in the 1800, the economy of England has shifted towards the service sectors over the years.While the industrialization was growing up rapidly, the service sectors were excessively developing significantly.Under the government of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, the most of the state owned enterprises in the service and the industrial sectors were privatised since it was nationalised at 1940s. Now UK government owns very fewer of the industries such as the Royal mai l.Advantages of Mixed EconomyThere are some(prenominal) reasons why many country choose the mixed economy for the economic development. In below we can see some discussion about that.(1) Job tributeTo maximise the profits is the aim of the private firms, they are mass medium to the market.During the boom time, when the demand of service and the goods are going up, the employment of the job market rise quickly, but when the market is down like the recession occlusive the private company will not keep the excess labour as it will ontogeny the production cost, for this reason the private fly the coopers works in a higher risk of unemployment. On the other hand the government sector, they have to follow the labour and the laws, in the government sector they have to fight new employees every year, and the sealed number of workers will get the promotion every year. As in the government invested company the chance of unemployment is very slim, people are not in risk in the retrench ed. Therefore in the mixed economy, it is very important to have the part of government involvement for the security of the peoples life-time style.(2) Avoid exploitationAs we know that, the private enterprise is always oriented for the profit, so they never give the anteriority about the basic rights of human being, such as education, health care, may be they give very few concentrations about those matters. If this problems and negligence always continuing, it will widen the gap of literacy rate and income inequality between the two society of lower and the upper social class. For this reason in the mixed economy society, the government setup the many facilities such as NHS and the various higher institution to narrow the gap.(3) Regulation of monopoly firmsWhen thither is a single seller for the service or the goods in the market we called it monopolist, if a company has the control on the market over than 25% we can consider it as a monopoly, it is the example of the guilele ss market failure, by the business sense. The cost efficient has less of incentive as in the monopoly market the monopolist dont have that very much aspiration or no competitions, to over come this problems the government can make the product market bigger. To do this, the government can breaking down the barriers to entry and to make the other firms encourage the government can make contest in the market, this type of tape can boost the market supply and in this way the consumers can get the service or the goods in the cheaper price, the competitions, productivity and the investment can be increase by this type of actions. In UK there are some regulators such as Ofwat.ORR, Ofcom who are doing the privatising .(4) Economic policyIn many responsibilities of government the economic policy is the one of the biggest. Asthe Government and the state economic advisers are overlooking the economic conditions of the country, they can propose or invest more than money for the public sector s, such as they can invest money for the road constrictions, repairing or making building or the bridge, in these ways they can make more job opportunities for the progress of the public economy or we can say to make more jobs. On the other hand the government can lower the tax for the increase the buying power of the people. We can give here a good example, THE BANK OF ENGLAND has reduced the interest rate for the people as they can draw more money and can setup more business, that will be increase the job sector. On the other side we can see that the private sectors are only invest for make the money, they are not involving their money for the economy development of the society, in the other way they are not opened to over come the governments financial capability.(5) Regulation of water and air pollutionIn aspect environmental matter, the private companies are playacting as Environmental Villain, for their own profit the private enterprise always using the dear natural resour ces, continuously. They are consuming the natural resource and then eject the smoke, dumping the polluted solid wastes insensibly and also pouring out the nature destroying liquid . This type of private enterprise producers are said to be only concern about the MPB (Marginal Private Benefits) and the MPC (Marginal Private costs) in their decision making. This way the government should be mediate, could be set some type of the agreements with the private companies. For paradigm, the UK government is in a agreement to the Global and the European for the reducing target of the emergence of carbon dioxide by 80% in the time of 2050. In the year 2002 the European government introduced a scheme named ETS (Emission carbon trading), in the aim of limiting the outflow of the carbon from the big industries such as the energy, glass, brick making, steel and others. As this emission carbon trading has the positive effect on the nature, many other countries are introducing this type of the progr am in there country.(6) Narrowing income inequalityIf we see the in the pure capitalist economy society, we will see that the rich people are getting more richer and the poor are getting more poor. As less or no intervention in this type of economy after a certain time we will see the pyramid of the income distribution, in this pyramid, a large proportion of the peoples wealth and the GDP is control by the very few of the rich people. The income can be distributed by the involving of the state, first is the introduction of the dynamic tax system, where the rich people have to pay greater total of the tax, beside this the national minimum wage also have the great effects on the economic development. In UK the minimum wage is increasing every year, on the other hand the unemployment, sickness benefits also help to reduce the distance and the bad effects of the economic deference between the poor and the rich people. more than over this type of the government involvement can balance the national economy in the mixed economic states.(7) Provision of public goodsdynamic there are two features of the public goods, the 1st one is the non rivalry, it means that the amount of the goods for the other users will not decrease even though whatever the drug addiction of the public goods. Beside this non-excludability is the another one. If one time this type of facility provided, no one will be slipped from the benefit. The private company will not be interested fro this type of the benefits of the free riders or the publics. For the definition of the free rider we know that he who get the benefits from a area but not doing any contribution to it, actually if we count the end result of having the benefited, no one will pay for the facilities. Here the government has to pay it from the money of the taxpayers, for the example of this type of the benefits is the public road, bridge, lighting on the streets and also we can mention here national defense.Disadvantages of Mixed EconomyEven though there are many economic facilities in the mixed economy policy but besides this we can see some of the economic crisis what England have to face for being mixed economy country. In below there is some discussion about the coming disadvantageWhat collisions could be happenIn the mixed economy we can see the balance between the capitalism and the socialism, the mixed economy tries to help for the advantage of the capitalism and the socialism, this aim can be understood if there is good combination and the understanding but the real situation is, there is continuous encounters going on between the two sectors. This can make the situation more bitter and the noncompliance.Some time the private sectors can think that the public sectors are having more priority than them. It could be happen some time that the public sectors tries to avoid their worthleness and the wastefulness to the private sectors. In a one word the faithfulness and the mutual understanding none can really works absolutely in this situation,InsubstantialThe mixed economy is base on the two inimical ideologies, those are absolutely opposite to each other. Though the mixed economy tries to combine the two different ideology together but mixed economy can be find doing less to both of them. For the conflict in terms, the mixed economy has been criticized. For detail, there cant be the middle way in between the central direction and the atomistic competition. For the mixed economy there will be the mixed of the central direction and the competition but the mixed economy can not works good. If they are incomplete, the competition and the central direction become poor, and than they used the inefficient tools. After this, they used the alternative principles to minimized the problems, and the mixer of the two meaning that none of them will work properly. If the two systems relays on each other the result will be worse.Nature of short liveFrom the above discussions we can see that the mixed economy always runs on the risk of the nature of the short lived. As the time passes by, a violent struggle chases between the two sectors for the name of the supremacy. The state may be fall into fail to regulate the private sector properly when this sector is flourishing. On the other hand if the public sector loses the power, the mixed economy can turn in to a capitalist economy, and it can be a socialist economy if the public sectors become more powerful.The symbol of the failingSome people says that the mixed economy has a disease as the capitalist, and the Socialisation of investment is one of the attempts to restore it. In this way of view the mixed economy is the diseased phase of the capitalist economy, for this reason it called as Capitalism in the oxygen tent. By this sense the mixed economy is the spurious capitalism.Endangers freedomCapitalism. It could be happen that a mixed economy can go into or lead to abridgement of freedom of the individual. It also feare d that the control of the economic life and the problems into the excogitatening can lead the mixed economy in such a position where the individual could lose the identity.Inefficiency of the public sectorThere is a record of the poor performance in the mixed economy. Redtapism, waste, corruption and the inefficiency is the main point by those, the mixed economy suffers with. Therefore the public sectors suffer from two reason,To increase production volumeorReducing the cost.Failure for pluck up the economic inconstancyThe theory of mixed economy has become normal in many countries, spatially in the capitalist as this economic policy is believe to be the good solution for pluck up the economic inconstancy, but somehow the economic problem still goes all the way. The economic inconstancy can be cut out only when the central plan can cover the entire economy, but in the mixed economy, the kind of regimentations those are assigned on the private sector leaves much to be intention.

Malaysian Tourists Visiting To Thailand Tourism Essay

Malayan holidaymakers Visiting To Thailand Tourism EssayTourism has been considered as an activity of global importance. It brings benefits to a land in term of well-disposed and economic. Recently, touristry appears to be an increasingly most-valuable industry in many sharpness beas such as Danok in S egresshern Thailand. Cross border tourism is often proposed by governments as an incentive for economic growth. Therefore, many tourist destinations exist a stigma boundaries. For example, there ar a lot of attractive restaurants and recreation provided in Danok, Southern Thailand. Border- intersecting points that join adjacent countries commonly become hives of international economic activity (Kenneth, R. Lord, Sanjay Putrevu and H. G. Parsa, 2004). According to Andriesse (2008), he states that in year 1994, the Malayan South-North highway reached the Thailand border, after which Thai authorities upgraded the road to Hat Yai. Bukit Kayu Hitam (north of Changlun) and Dan ok (south of Sadao) have become thriving business centers. According to Praman Tepsongkroh (2007), the nature of political boundaries and the human births surrounded by live countries usually piddle the types of tourist attractions that exist in border regions. Consumers living within a manageable drive of the border foul up to the neighboring region for such diverse activities as shopping, entertainment, sightseeing, work- connect run low, or merely the prospect of a distinguishable or less- goed route between two points. overly that, a new travel trend and prescripts involving local border communities and other travelers and tourists using border passes emerged. These trends accelerated with economic and trade growth in border aras. For example, cross border tourism is popular among Malaysian tourists ascribable to easy of crossing to the border of Thailand. Moreover, the application of a border pass is cheap and easy but the border pass just available for Malaysians who born in Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak only. For those who want to apply for border pass, they just need to submit two passport coat photos, adept photocopy of identification card and RM 10. Then, they stick out get the border pass immediately.As tourists are permitted to cross the border easy, the growth of tourism on both sides is greatly promoted, and touristic areas eventually abut the boundary on both sides. With growing cross border tourism, consumers can be segmented based on demographics characteristics that reflecting a particular emphasis on certain activities or shopping motivations driven from specific needs.Figure 1 The Thai-Malaysian borderlands.Problem statementProfiling of Malaysian tourists see to border areas is not widely meditate among look into. According to Mark P. Hampton (2009), cross-border tourism between neighboring states is relatively unexplored in the literature as cited by timothy and Tosun in 2003. Besides that, according to Praman Tepsong kroh (2007), literature on tourism in the border areas between Thailand and Malaysia is scarce. Moreover, much attention of the academics has been paid on the historical aspects (Koch, 1977 Numnonda, 1967), whereas other works foc apply on the political conflicts in Southern Thailand (Dulyakasem, 1981 Haemindra, 1976, 1977 Surin Pitsuwan, 1982). Therefore, little is known about the determinant of Malaysian tourists behavior that tour to the borderland of Thailand.The general impression is to a greater extent Malaysian tourists flock to Thailand. According to government sources on tourists who crossed the border in 2001, the number of Thai tourists tour Malaysia was 660,888 while the number of Malaysian tourists visiting Thailand was 1,239,698 (Tepsongkroh, Praman, 2007, pp.8). This showed that the ratio of almost two Malaysians crossed the border to Thailand than every one Thai tourist visiting to Malaysia. Thus, it is important to find out the reasons of why Malaysian tourists li ke travel to the border of Thailand.It is significant to understand the tourism patterns of Malaysian tourists. However, little systematic empirical query has been conducted to contribute to an understand of the demographic characteristics, motivations and behavior of Malaysian tourists cross to Thailand border. Therefore, there exists a gap in the empirical fellowship available about the purpose making factors that stoop Malaysian tourists cross the border to Thailand and there is a need to fill this gap of empirical knowledge. look for objectivesTo profile Malaysian tourists visiting to Thailand by their demographic and travel patterns.To understand the motivations of Malaysian tourists visiting to Thailand.To evaluate the level of happiness of tourists regarding the services and facilities provided at tourist destinations at the border sites between Thailand and Malaysia.Research questionsWhat are the socio-demographic characteristics and travel patterns of Malaysian touris ts?What are the motivational factors that influence Malaysian tourists visit to Thailand?What kind of facilities and services that satisfied Malaysian tourists to revisit Thailand?Research hypothesisH0 There is a relationship between Malaysian tourists socio-demographic characteristics and their travel patterns.H1 There is no relationship between Malaysian tourists socio-demographic characteristics and their travel patterns.H0 There is a relationship between motivational factors and Malaysian tourists visit to Thailand.H1 There is no relationship between motivational factors and Malaysian tourists visit to Thailand.H0 There is a relationship between Malaysian tourists joy and their decision to revisit Thailand.H1 There is no relationship between Malaysian tourists gaiety and their decision to revisit Thailand.Dependent changeable last makingTo decide whether to travel or notIndependent VariableSocio-demographic characteristics motiveSatisfactionConceptual frameworkFigure 1 Variab les used in this studyDefinition of key termsCross border tourism Cross border tourism can be modeled from the neo-classical economic science theoretical demand framework based on an individual/consumer visiting neighboring countries with the purpose of directly devour goods and services which are cheaper in that country and/or are unavailable in the country of origin (Witt Witt, 1992).Socio-demographic Socio-demographic are the characteristics of a human population. Socio-demographic variables such as age, income, nationality and education have been considered as relatively usable, since they are easy to measure (Lawson, 1994) and they are identified as book determinants of tourist behavior (Kastenholz, 2002 Baloglu Brinberg, 1997 Gitelson Kerstetter, 1990).Profiling In this study, profiling can be delimitate as the act of collecting utilizable information about the demographic characteristics of Malaysian tourists in order to give a description of their travel pattern ( Oxord, 7th edition). In supplement, profile of visitors is providing a better understanding to forecast of travel behavior (Suleiman, J. S and Mohamed, B., 2011). motivation Motivation can be describe as the driving force within individuals that impels them to action. This driving force is produced as a ending of an unfulfilled need (Schiffman Kanuk, 2000). The concept behind the motivation scheme is that people are driven by internal motivates (called push factors) and attracted to destination attributes (called pull factors) when making their travel decisions (Dann, 1977).Satisfaction Satisfaction can be defined as a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfilment (Oliver, 1997) or as an overall evaluation of a purchase (Fornell, 1992). Besides that, Engel et al. (1995) express that satisfaction was an outcome experience that at least met or exceeded expectations.Decision making L eads to the final choice of a travel destination which is influenced by a number of psychological (internal) and non-psychological (external) variables (Dellaert, Etterma Lindh, 1998).DelimitationSmall sample size due to lack of manpowerAlthough the population is large, this study only represents a small group of Malaysian tourists who visit to Thailand with immigration border checkpoint particularly in Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kedah only. Data collection cannot cover all the respondents due to lack of manpower to distribute questionnaires and collect data.Cooperation from respondents seems to be difficultIn order to obtain the true data that cover many respondents different in terms of demographic, the survey should be conducted on weekend because most of the Malaysian tourists will visit to Thailand during weekend. However, the congestion problem al slipway fall outs at the immigration border checkpoint in Bukit Kayu Hitam especially during weekend. Therefore, the cooperation from r espondents seems to be difficult. The respondents are not willing to answer the questionnaire because they want to rush binding home after waiting a long queue at the immigration border checkpoint. Besides that, some of the respondents are not willing to resolution because they are not well-versed in using English.Limited fund and time-consumingThe questionnaire survey in this study involves a high cost and long time. The research need to go more than than once times in order to cover as many different respondents and to collect accuracy data. However, the transportation angle forthe route from UUM to Bukit Kayu Hitam is quite expensive and there is limited fund provided for conducting this survey.Significance of this studyThis study is expected to contribute to an understanding of travel pattern of Malaysian tourists who travel to borderland of Thailand by examining their demographic characteristic, motivation and satisfaction. The results of the study back up tourism marketer s in Thailand better understand Malaysian tourists travel pattern. Besides that, the results of this study are expected to present important marketing implications for Thailand in efforts to segment and target Malaysian travelers. For the insurance maker of Thailand, they can improve their facilities and build appropriate facilities in border area in order to attract more Malaysian tourists and satisfy their needs. On the other hand, this study also can help tourism marketers in Malaysia to better understand the attraction and facilities available in Thailand that attract Malaysian tourists. Therefore, the marketers can develop new tourist attraction or better facilities in Malaysia in order to attract the Thai people come to visit Malaysia and decrease the give of Malaysians to Thailand. In addition, this study also contributes the knowledge on cross border study.Chapter IILiterature ReviewThis chapter reviews the literature in the context of this study. Related literature in thi s chapter is focused on cross border tourism in tourism studies, socio demographic characteristics, tourists motivation and tourists satisfaction.Firstly, this chapter reviews the literature on cross border tourism. Secondly, this chapter discusses previous research on socio-demographic characteristic and analyzing the relationship between socio-demographic characteristic and tourists travel pattern. Thirdly, this chapter will review the literature on tourists motivation and the relationship between tourists motivation and choice of destination. Finally, this chapter reviews the literature on tourists satisfaction and identifies the relationship among tourists satisfaction and attributes of destinations.Cross border tourismAccording to Mark P. Hampton (2009), there is no agreed definition of cross- border tourism, but here, and following Timothy and Butler (1995), it is proposed that a day trip (whether leisure, business, VFR or grocery shopping) is a form of tourism if it crosses a n international border. On the other hand, Praman Tepsongkroh (2007), cited from Witt Witt (1992) express that cross-border tourism can be modeled from the neo-classical economics theoretical demand framework based on individual tourist/consumer visiting neighboring countries with the purpose of directly consuming goods and services which are cheaper in that country and/or are unavailable in the country of origin. Border-crossing points that join adjacent countries commonly become hives of international economic activity (Kenneth, R. Lord, Sanjay Putrevu and H. G. Parsa, 2004). Consumers living within a manageable drive of the border cross to the neighboring country for such diverse activities as shopping, entertainment, sightseeing, work-related travel, or merely the prospect of a different or less- traveled route between two points.In addition, it is suggested that any working definition of cross border tourism also requires an element of geographical proximity such as seen betw een the US and Canada, or Singapore and Malaysia or Malaysia and Thailand (Hampton, M.P., 2009). In other words, cross border tourism requires a common border. Besides that, the ease of cross border linkages is significant. As tourists are permitted to cross the border easily, the growth of tourism on both sides is greatly promoted, and touristic areas eventually abut the boundary on both sides (Ahmad Puad, M. S. Badaruddin, M. Kong-Yew, W, 2005). Mark P. Hampton (2009) reported that Frances success in attracting 76 million international arrivals in 2005 due to the ease of border crossing with neighboring EU countries. Moreover, Timothy (1995) verbalize that the level of attractiveness of border areas for tourists depends on a number of factors including the natural, neighborly, pagan environment near the border and the degree of freedom or difficulty in crossing it.According to Praman Tepsongkroh (2007), cross border tourism provides interesting perspectives crosswise discipli nes. Matinez (1994) looked at the cross-border interaction in terms of pattern of human movement between adjacent countries. His assessment of the interaction fell into four part typology. Firstly, alienate borderlands are the ones where day-to-day communication and interaction are almost entirely absent. Secondly, coexistent borderlands are those where the frontier is slightly open to minimal levels of interaction. Thirdly, interdependent borderlands are characterized by willingness between adjacent countries to establish cross-frontier networks and partnerships. Finally, integrated borderlands are found where all significant political and economic barriers have been abolished, resulting in free flow of goods and people (Matinez, 1994). Therefore, from Matinezs (1994) perspective, it can be said that boundaries are usually viewed as barriers to interaction, both perceptually and in reality. In many cases, they whitethorn be regarded as lines of contact and cooperation between sim ilar or dissimilar cultural, economic, and social systems.Timothy (2001) defined some of the connections between boundaries and tourism, which are three-fold typology of spatial relationships between borders and tourists, as shown in the following situations(a) The boundary line is distant from tourist areas(b) A tourist zone exists adjacent to the boundary on only one side(c) Tourist zones that ex flow across, or tint at, bordersAccording to Timothy (2001), in the first case, the frontier functions as a barrier or simple line of transit. Thus, the influence of the border depends largely on its degree of permeability. This is a common phenomenon for borders of many countries having a good relationship with the adjacent states. In the second case, in addition to being attracted to the tourist-oriented side, some people will be attracted to visit the other side as well, which presents opportunities for tourism development to spill over into the non-tourist side of the border. In the third instance, there may be communication and cooperation between the two sides so that the entire nature of cultural attraction system operates as one entity, or conversely, the border may act as a significant barrier altogether (Timothy, 2001).Cross border tourism is influenced by governmental policy and socio-economic factors such as trade treaties, sales tax rebates, inflation, exchange rates, shopping preferences and many other factors (Tepsongkroh, P., 2007). Border-related policies, differences in administrative structures on opposite sides, and the physical barrier creates by borders can affect many aspects of tourism, including travel motivations and decision making, infrastructure development, marketing and promotion and place image (Timothy, 2001). According to Praman Tepsongkroh (2007), such obstacles can deflect the flow of tourists and can help to shape the physical and socio-economic development of tourism in the destination regions elsewhere, as well as at the Thai and Malaysian border.Socio-demographic characteristicsAccording to Thirathanaphak, C. Akethammasiri, K. and Chainimit, P. (2009), socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral indicators are commonly used in tourism research to profile tourists by age, gender, income, marital status, occupations, education or heathenish background. These indicators are easy to identify and use in marketing decisions (Yavuz, 1994). Moreover, according to Handler, I (2009), he said that Pearce, (2005) Kotler, (2006), Middleton Clarke, (2007) Dickman, (1999) stated that one of the most common ways to divide tourists is by demographic factors, i.e. age, gender, education, occupation, expenditure or their geographic location. Furthermore, according to Suleiman, J.S Mohamed, B. (2011), generally socio-demographic variables such as age, income, nationality and education have been considered as relatively usable, since they are easy to measure (Lawson, 1994) and they are identified as appropriate determinan ts of tourist behavior (Kastenholz, 2002 Baloglu Brinberg, 1997 Gitelson Kerstetter, 1990).In addition, according to Beerli, A. Martin, D. (2003), the individuals personal characteristics, such as gender, age, occupation, education and social class, are internal inputs that influence the perceptions of places. When Walmsley and Jenkins (1993) studied the perceived image of different tourist resorts in Australia, they found that the image of some places differed depending on visitors gender and age. Besides that, Baloglu and McCleary (1999) found that an individuals age and level of education influenced the perceived image of various tourist destinations.According to Aswin Sangpikul, (2008), the literature review indicates that there may be a combination of socio-demographic variables that influence tourists behaviors. However, the results of previous studies imply that different sample groups may have different socio-demographic factors influencing their travel-related behaviors (Sangpikul, A., 2008). Furthermore, according to Jang, S.C. Yu, L. Pearson, T.E. (2003), the socio-demographic profiles and trip-related characteristics of the visitors enable tourism marketers to understand who they are and how they assoil on travel.Relationship between socio-demographics characteristics and tourist travel patternSocio-demographic variables are the primary factors that influence peoples travel-related behavior (Zimmer et al., Jang et al., Jang and Wu, 2006). These variables may include age, gender, education, income, economic status and wellness status. Zimmer et al. (1995) find outed that age, income and education emerged as the main variables that explain participation versus non-participation in travel activities. Their study indicated that income and education influenced travelers when choosing nearby or farther-away destinations, with travelers who were better educated and who had more disposable income being more likely to travel farther from home. These results were echoed by Sirisukul (1998), who found that Thai people with a higher education and higher incomes were more likely to be motivated to come in in leisure activities than those who were less educated and earned less income.Silberberg (1995) identified the cultural/ hereditary pattern tourist as one who earned more money and spent more money while on vacation was more highly educated than the general humans was more likely to be female than male and tended to be in elderly age categories. Furthermore, Kerstetter, Confer and Graefe (2001) found that tourists with an interest in visiting heritage or cultural sites tend to stay longer, spend more per trip, are more highly educated and have a higher average one-year income than the general tourists.In addition, Brining (1995) found that women adopted safer approaches than men when it came to making risky consumer decisions. Barsky Labagh (1997) also reported a lower risk trend amongst women than men.Besides that, Anderson (1993) stated that tourists ages are closely associated with the meaning tourists attached to crafts and to the purpose crafts served for the owners. According to Littrell (1990) showed that young tourists often valued crafts that reminded them of exciting shopping encounters and active tourism experiences, while older tourists preferred craft items that would bring them aesthetic pleasure through their contemplation at home.Furthermore, a study of tourist night markets in Taiwan carried out by Hsieh and Chang (2004) found that female visitors tend to come with friends or families rather than alone or single visitors spending more time and money compared to unite ones.Tourists motivationAccording to French, et al. (2000), a focus on motivation provides a complex view of various factors to stimulate the travel demands for tourism and embraces both midland needs and wants. These needs and wants reflect perceptions, cultural conditioning and learning. Copper, Shepherd and Westlak (1 996) presented Murphys model looking at psychological factors which influence demands (motivations, perceptions and expectations), and how these demanded criteria are linked by intermediaries in the market place (travel agencies and tour operators) with the supply of tourist facilities. Many different categories of motivations have an important influence on travel decision-making they are as follows (Tepsongkroh, P., 2007)Motivation as a purpose and reason for travel vacations (holidays, visiting friends and relatives), business (French, et al., 2000)Motivation as individuals needs and wants Maslows physiological needs, security needs, social needs and conceit needs (Hall, 1998).Maslows Physiological NeedsFigure 2 Maslows physiological needsMotivation as satisfaction through tourist activities (French, et al., 2000).Physical motivators are related to rest, sports, recreation and those directly connected with a persons health such as spas and baths. These motivators all have one fea ture in common, the reduction of tension through activities related to physical factors.Cultural motivators are identified by the desires of the traveler to learn about other countries and their art, music, dances, traditions and religions.Interpersonal motivators include a desire to meet new people, visit friends or relatives.Status and prestige motivators are related to the desire for recognition, attention, power and appreciation, as well as the desire to enhance informal attractiveness.Motivations as pull and push factor cultural experience, pleasure-seeking/fantasy, and relaxation (Kozak, 2002).Motivation as the integrity of the original factors such as relaxation, social and intellectual aspects (Ryan, 1998).Motivation as important to tourist information feelings of pleasure, excitement, relaxation (push factors), and tourist attractions like sunshine, friendly people, and culture (pull factors) (Goossens, 2000).According to Kau Lim (2005), understanding tourists vacation mo tives, i.e. why people travel, is an issue that has been researched extensively. By determining the motivations that influence peoples travel habits and destination selection would enable one to predict their future travel patterns, thereby aid in developing more appropriate marketing strategies to attract them (McGuiggan et al., 1995). Besides that, according to Sangpikul, A (2007), a common and useful speculation used to examine tourist motivations is the theory of push and pull motivation as stated by Dann, (1977) Crompton, (1979) Yuan and Mcdonald, (1990) Klenosky, (2002). Moreover, Skourtis, G. Andreou, D. Koniordos, M. Assiouras, I. (2009) cited from Dann (1997), the push factors for a vacation are socio-psychological motives explaining the desire for travel, while the pull factors are motives aroused by the destination explaining the destination choice.According to Kau, A. K. Lim, P. S. (2005), vacation motives can be classified broadly into two main categories, push an d pull factors as cited by Crompton, (1979) Dann, (1981). Push factors can be described as internally generated drives, causing the tourist to search for signs in objects, situations and events that contain the promise of reducing ordinary drives (Gnoth, 1997). Pull factors, on the other hand, are those that emerge as a result of the attractiveness of a destination as it is perceived by those with propensity to travel and include both tangible resources, such as beaches, recreation facilities and cultural attractions and travelers perceptions and expectation and marketing image (Uysal and Jurowski, 1994). Push factors have been regarded as useful in explaining the desire for travel, while pull motivations have been used to explain the choice of travel, destination (Crompton, 1979).According to Sangikul, A. (2008), he said that push factors have been theme useful for explaining the desire to go on a vacation, while pull factors help explain the choice of destination as reported by Crompton, (1979). Therefore, Sangikul, A. (2008) said that understanding what motivate peoples travel behavior and destination selection is crucial to predicting their travel decisions and future travel patterns as cited by Cha et al., (1995) Jang and Cai, (2002) Klenosky, (2002) Jang Wu, (2006). Additionally, knowledge about tourist motivation enables tourism marketers to better satisfy travelers needs and provide better products and services corresponding to their needs (Crompton, 1979 Jang and Cai, 2002 Jang and Wu, 2006 Sangikul, 2008).Relationship between tourists motivation and choice of destinationsPizam, Neuman and Reichel (1979) reveal relationships amongst certain motivations and choices related to the trip or destination. According to Prebensen (2006), motivation and the choice of holiday type or activities have been shown to be significantly related. Besides that, Moscardo, Morrison, Pearce, Lang and OLeary (1995) stated that activities are seen as the critical link betw een tourist motivations and destination choice. Moreover, according to Lien (2010), activities affect tourists choice of destination through travel motivations. Specifically, activities create a motivation of travelling to a destination and the motivation turns into purchase behavior known as choice of the destination.John and Susan (1999) proposed that there are six motives, i.e. physical, emotional, personal, personal development, status and cultural motives. According to lien (2010), he said that the impact between motivation and activities can be explained in a different way. Specifically, with physical motivation, individuals prefer to travel destinations where have activities which can satisfy their needs of relaxation or suntans. Besides that, as for emotional motivation, people may participate in activities that can satisfy their needs for enjoyment of romance, fantasy and spiritual fulfillment.Prebensen (2007) mentioned in the study that in the process of consuming or produ cing (Holt, 1995) a journey, tourists also experience novel situations, which might result in different choice patterns. Thus, motivations may lead to purchasing behavior, which is destination choosing behavior (Lien, 2010). Individuals who have different motivations may choose the same destinations and they participate similar or different types of activities to satisfy their needs.Tourists SatisfactionTraditional literature within consumer behavior pinpoints that customer satisfaction is the result or the final step of a psychological process from need recognition to evaluation of experienced products (Peter and Olson, 1996). Besides that, according to Oliver (1997), satisfaction is defined as a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment. In addition, satisfaction also can be defined as an overall evaluation of a purchase (Fornell, 1992). Moreover, according to Raktida Siri (2009), E ngel et al. (1995) stated that satisfaction was an outcome experience that at least met or exceeded expectations.According to Hui, J. (2002) Kozak Rimmington, (2000), tourist satisfaction is important to successful destination marketing because it influences the choice of the destination, the consumption of products and services and the decision to return. Therefore, understanding tourist satisfaction is of utmost important for the tourism industry, especially because of its effect on their future economy (Petrick, 2003). Satisfied tourists tend to communicate their positive experience to others (word of mouth) and they tend to buy product repeatedly (Barsky, 1992 Beeho and Prentice, 1997 Hallowell, 1996 Kozak and Rimmington, 2000 Pizam, 1994 Ross, 1993).Raktida Siri (2009), cited from Meng et al. (2006) concluded that there were nine theories on customer satisfaction expectancy disconfirmation, assimilation or cognitive dissonance, contrast, assimilation contrast, equity, attribut ion, simile level, generalized negatively and value perception. Furthermore, among these nine theories, expectation disconfirmation model was accepted the most. Oliver (1980), cited from Kandampully (200) introduced an Expectancy Disconfirmation Model, which was a process of comparison between an expectation and an experience. Satisfaction would occur if the experience met expectation.According to Hui, J. (2002), he said that Chon and Olsen (1991) discovered a goodness of fit correlation between tourists expectations about their destination and tourists satisfaction. Then, after tourist has bought the travel service products, if the evaluation of their experience of the travel product is better than their expectations, they will be satisfied with their travel experience.Besides that, according to Prebensen (2004), by including tourist travel motives and choices of activities at the destination as well as perception of products into the concept of satisfaction, a better understandin g of why people become satisfied in addition to how satisfied they are is possible to identify, which further includes a better understanding concerning why people intent to recommend and re-buy the trip.Relationship between tourists satisfaction and destination attributesHuh (2002) stated that there is a need to investigate the relationship between destination attributes and tourists satisfaction from the tourists perspective in order to gain an in-depth understanding of tourists attributes and behavior after they visit a tourist destination. According to Fornell (

Essay --

The Third Phase of the war was the Danish intervention. Christian IV of Denmark had a strong interest in Germany. He was Lutheran so back up the Lutheran rulers of Lower Saxony. But he also had land in German. He was Duke of Holstein and the ruler of Hamburg, and his second son was made bishop. As a proceeds Christian had himself appointed war leader and raised an military of 20,000-35,000 mercenaries, partly funded by France. The Protestants were suddenly inspired with fresh hope as Denmark became the first major European nation to enter the war (Thomas). In the 27 of August the Battle of Lutter-am-Bamberg began with a Catholic League army under Count Tilly. Tilly defeat the forces of Christian IV of Denmark at Lutter am Barenberge in the Imperial Circle Estate of Lower Saxony. Both armies had approximately 20,000 men. Three times the imperial groundwork broke through the Danish line only to be driven back by a cavalry counter-attack. However, when the Catholics captured the D anish artillery, the Danes panicked and retreated. The Danish losses were roughly 4,000 dead, 2,000 wounded, and 2,500 prisoners (Richard). It was a significant loss of the protestant forces of Denmark. The Danish army had eventually been whittled away by catholic forces in further wars ending with a treaty binding Denmark to stop its support of the protestant German states, thus, ending the Danish intervention.The future(a) phase, known as the Swedish intervention, began with Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden he was the next foreign ruler to come to the aid of the German Lutherans and to seek political and financial advantage in Germany. Both France and the Dutch sent subsidies. In 1630 Gustav come 13,000 men at Peenemunde. From 1630 to 1634, Swedish-led armie... ...ear later the French government was distracted by a rebellion, and the Spanish saw an opportunity to retake the city. The Prince de Cond rushed from Catalonia to Flanders and cobbled together an army of 16,000 men a nd 18 guns to face the Archdukes 18,000 men and 38 guns. Cavalry dominated both armies, with more than half the troops being horse. The Spanish deployed on high ground so Cond decided to withdraw. This encouraged the Spanish cavalry to skirmish with the French rear guard. The fighting escalated into a full battle. The Spanish human foot drove their French counterparts back, breaking the regiment. However, French cavalry re-routed and enveloped the Spanish center. The French lost 3.500 casualties, but inflicted 3,000 dead or wounded and took 5,000 prisoners (Thomas). The war ended in Prague after the swedes snuck in ransacked and looted the Prague castle.

Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Simon is perhaps the most important character in the novel for he is the first and barely character to come to the realization that the Beast is inside them all, and is not represented by a physical manifestation. Simon is a follower, not a leader. He believes and trusts what Ralph, his leader, says. Thats why he mentions that the beast could be inside all of them once, and immediately discards that because Ralph doesnt think so. His confrontation with the Lord of the Flies is the only way he can liberate that information to himself. The encounter begins with Even if he shut his eyes the sows channelize still remained like an after-image. This represents the beginning of the retroversion Simon is having on the mentality, thinking of it even after he shuts his eyes. Golding then points out that the pig had half shut eyes and were dim with infinite cynicism of adult life. Those elaborate come back a little later. Its at this point where Simon asks himself a question and answers i t loud. I know that. Simon discovered that he had spoken aloud. He opened his eyes quickly and there was the head grinning amusedly in the strange daylight, ignoring the flies, the spilled guts, even ignoring the indignity of being spiked on a stick. That meter shows the continuing evolution of the fixation Simon has in this encounter. The first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is the head, and he ignores every detail around it. This is when Simon comes to the realization that his reliable conclusion is credible, the one he let be because of Ralph. He looks away, trying to forget the head even exists, but cannot accomplish that task.. He pulls himself back to the head Might not the beast come for it?, simply because he believes the Beast is not a physical manifestation, therefore being impossible for it to come. According to Simon, the head seems to agree with him. At this point, he knows the Beast doesnt exist physically, but he is hesitant none-the-less. The head says Run away go back to the others. It was a joke reallywhy should you bother? You were wrong, thats all. A little headache, something you ate, perhaps. Go back, child. Simon is making excuses for himself through the pig. Here, the fixation on the head is nearly complete.