Probing into Internet Culture as New Media Essay

Probing into Internet Culture as New Media - Essay Example Our first question is whether newer forms of technology seek to belittle traditional fields and disciplines. In this respect, we talk of how Plato in his book Phaedrus stood staunchly against writing, as a new form of technology. From here we continue analyzing how computers and the internet, an integral aspect of the phenomenon of new technology and an advance over writing and printing, manipulate the human thought process. The study will be based on how technological advances have faced stiff reaction from the time of Plato. While Plato voiced his reaction against writing as a technological advance over the traditional tool of oration, modern writers criticize the effect of the internet, as an advance over writing, on human memory. Our essay will comprise of a thorough analysis of the boons and curses of the internet on human life today. We will make significant probings into past and present research including literary sources on 'internet culture' to see how it dominates human thinking. We will analyze the literary and online resources to understand the workings of the internet as an aspect of modern technology. Here, we try to see how advances towards technology had been regarded as a social contagion from ancient times. Plato, the classical Greek philosopher, argued in favor of the 'superiority of the spoken word' over writing as a new technology, which had a detrimental effect on human memory. Those who received partial information without instruction remained mostly ignorant. The philosopher debated in his book Phaedrus, through the words of Socrates, about the 'myth of the invention of writing', which often resulted in forgetfulness and the loss of memory. (Plato, Hackforth 156-159). Writing is described as a pastime instead of 'serious business' and importance is given to dialectics, which is ingrained in the souls of men. (Plato writes on the dangers of writing, 2006). Now the question is what Plato would have thought about the internet (Plato's complaint, 2000) Plato's reaction against writing probably anticipated the modern day response towards the computer and the internet. Plato believed that writing isolated man from society. Likewise, computers are perceived as mediums of separating man from social gatherings. Writing is an integral part of our lives. We do not see it as a product of modern technology. Modern tools such as pen, paper, ink and paints are used in case of writing. Writing undermined the power of the word centuries ago. Computers, a technological advance over writing are perceived in the same light now. (Ong, 77-94). Walter Ong specified that, writing or other artificial modes of technology had an enhancing effect on the human mind. He asserted that alienation from society, which writing provided, was required for enhancing the conscious. Writing and computers, he said was the most effective way of technologizing the word. After the word is technologized, the technological means cannot be criticized. Arguments, however, counteract the aforementioned stance about technology. We will mainly focus on how the technological boom, which has swept many a nation, the world over, has a debilitating effect on the brain and human memory. The internet is an encyclopedia, offering

What different kinds of immigration to Europe have there been since Essay

What different kinds of immigration to Europe have there been since World War II, and why - Essay Example xxx). After the end of the World War, numerous types of immigration policies were set up. The explanation for these policies were chiefly economic; however, in some cases they were also political (Parsons, Smeeding, pp. 310). However, there is no doubt that after 1945, Europe is marked as the continent that received an overall net flow (Salt, pp. 3). In addition, these migrations happened over a series of decades. Various dynamics and various states are involved. One type of immigration occurred within Europe. Western Europe consisted of the wealthier nations. These countries began employing labor from the less wealthy nations. Due to the imperative need for work force to rebuild the countries after the war, and the shortage of labor due to loss of military personnel, the European Voluntary Worker scheme was set up. The recruitment by Britain of about 200,000 male workers from refugee camps in Italy happened between the period of 1945 and 1951. The laws governing this immigration wer e quite harsh, since the regulations were quite severe. They were literally bonded labor with no rights to family reunions and their misconduct could lead to their expulsion. These people were largely known as ‘guest workers’. This system had provided the countries with the necessary labor to build the economies that were worn out by the war. However, at the beginning, as mentioned above, the guest worker system was highly strict. Eventually, the need to hold on to these workers led to the relaxation of some rules especially when it came to family reunions. This eventually led to the admittance of women as immigrants (Toro-Morn & Alicea pp.xxi). In addition, certain guest workers also came from Mediterranean countries to meet the growing demand for labor. This immigration played a prominent role in the 1950s and until the mid 1970s. Italy was the most important recipient ant of these types of guest workers (Nijkamp, pp. 66). Countries like Germany, which were devastated by the war, had to recuperate. After the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the inflow of East German workers had stopped. Hence, there was a shortage of workers (Jennissen, pp.128). Therein, became an inflow of workers. By 1970, West Germany almost had 2.1 million foreign workers (Nijkamp, pp.66). A very prominent type of immigration that occurred in the post war era was due to the decolonization process. Many French, British, Portuguese colonies had acquired freedom after the war, because these nations could not simply afford to keep their colonies intact. This led to the influx of people in two ways. The European colonial officers and colonists all returned to Europe. Besides that, various countries notably Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal, all documented a large number of immigration from their former colonies (Nijkamp, pp.66). London Transport enlisted members directly from the New Commonwealth countries that included African countries, the In dian sub-continent, and the Caribbean. A number of people also arrived directly in search for better employment pursuits. Contrary to the strict regulations imposed upon the guest workers, around 350, 000 Irish men moved with their families in the period 1945 to 1959, and faced no such restrictions. They enjoyed full civil rights. Most of this type of migration was centered on three empires; Dutch, French and Portuguese, and these migrations had received a large amount of scholarly interest. It is because after Britain, they were one of the largest

History Research paper- Primary source analysis comprasion Paper

History - Primary source analysis comprasion - Research Paper Example the witnesses who made John Adams to be successful in deposing most of them, and eventually defending the soldiers successfully (www.gilderlehrman.org, 2012). By early 1770, Boston had about 15’000 a person with about 4000 British soldiers and the tension was rising. On the evening of March 5th, crowds pelted stones at British soldiers which resulted to the firing at the crowds by the soldiers, killing five inhabitants of the city. The historic engraving by John Revere â€Å"The Bloody Massacre in King-Street,† was produced. This was one of the war propaganda tools at the time. It is however not an accurate representation of the events that actually happened. The engraving shows the soldiers lined up shooting into the crowd and a poem Revere may have actually written. Revere is said to have based his engraving on the actual work of Henry Pelham. The following is observed from the engraving. The British soldiers have lined up with one of them giving the orders to shoot. This suggested the British soldiers were the aggressors. The crowd is seen reacting to the aggression when in fact they are the one who had started the attack. The expression of the soldiers on their faces is sharp while that of the colonists is innocent. These made the British look mean and as if they were enjoying the violence. In another feature of the engraving is that the laborers were dressed decently elevating their stature and how they were perceived by the general population. This clearly shows the biasness of the engraving by leaning on the side of the colonists themselves and portraying the British soldiers in bad light. This bias is also represented by the illustration of the sky which seems to shed light on the atrocities being committed by the soldiers. The unreliability of the engraving is also seen in the Illustration of Crispus Attucks who was an African American but is seen as otherwise not African American. Painting further depiction of the weather conditions at the time of

Presentation Of The Greek Society Essay Example for Free

Presentation Of The Greek Society Essay One of the prolific poets that ever emerged from Greece is Homer. Not only was he known for his poetic exploits, his works are one of the works that gave an idea of what life was like in Ancient Greece. Early philosophers of the Ionian school found his work intriguing and His work was criticized by Thales. For the purpose of this essay, focus will be drawn on one of his works, Iliad. It is impossible to speak of Greek literature without considering Iliad. Iliad is not just a literary piece; it gives an account of the wars and conquests in Ancient Greece. It informs us about of the various doctrines held by the Greeks and how they conceive of a lot of things. The work is written in a prose form and is divided into Books from I to XXIV. As seen from Iliad, the ancient Greek society was characterized with conquests and battles. There is the innate desire of men to engage other nations in war. It shows the lust of men for power and their thirst for fame and glory. There was also the belief in gods and spirits. The Greeks are depicted as set of people who believes and explains everything that happens to the as an act of the gods. When good things happen, it is so because the gods are happy with you. Hoverer, when things are going out of hand, it is conceived that the gods are angry. The poem also depicts the ancient society as a society that lives of men were not regarded. There was no room for pity because if a man was considered to be a coward if he allows feelings of compassion. Men are motivated by a sense of duty to their nation and they fight for the case they believe in. these people fought, shed their blood and gave their lives for what they believe in. it was a time that was characterized with battles and for a man to be honored, you have to be a soldier or someone who has gone to battle.

The Bookshop Company Essay Example for Free

The Bookshop Company Essay 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The company that I have chosen to do my project on is a small book distribution company called Bookshop. Bookshop is a small company based in South London and was set up in early 2002. They have a small workforce of 4 people. Each person therefore has a large and important role to the company. Each worker is always hard pushed to meet deadlines for schools and social centres demanding books. Because that are a small company they cannot afford to have large computer staff to look after al their accounts. They are limited to the time that they can spend on different tasks. Each day they deal with a round à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 worth of orders, but this might vary to as much as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4500 or as little as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500. The director of the company has put in a large lump sum as a loan to start off the company, which she hopes will trunk into profits, which she will later recoup. 1.2 Statement of the problem I have conducted an interview with the director of the company and we encountered the following problems. * Because the bookshop is new, there are many things that could go wrong and caused bankruptcy. There is the fact that the company has no real image and cannot conduct rely on customers. Therefore they need to profit maximise. They need all staff working to their full potential. They need no wastes of time with things that can be done automatically. * Also with the small amount of money available to them they had o make do with old computers, which ran old computer programs that are DOS based. * The problem that ABC Books as a company has is that it is limited to the workforce that it ca spend on different tasks. Therefore time is a major part of what is wrong. * If there were a way that was quicker than the current way to do it then the time taken by each person would be greatly reduced and there may be a chance that each person would have more time to do other jobs. For example two people handle all the accounts. * If there were an easier way then they might only need 1 person and therefore there would be an extra person left over to do other work. Because of a shortage of time that they spend on the accounts, orders dont get delivered and because it is a small business, it needs all the orders it can get and any a late order and schools will look to other suppliers. This was picked up on by Pat Horsefield (director) when a meeting was held to discuss the problems with the system. Mrs. Horsefield feels that: * with the introduction of a computer accounts system, * a system that can process customer orders faster and more accurately, * a reduction in the amount of paper generated by the system and feels that a centralised system could improve communication between staff, then the whole company will run more smoothly and then they would make more money and she would start going in to profit As the company is new they have not got enough capital to go out and but fleets of vans and cars, they have to rely on people own cars and transport of that of a delivery company which all costs money. Because of this they need to save money on expensive large especially designed programs by large specialist companys that produce such programs. 2. Investigation 2.1 The current system The current system that the company use is a spreadsheet package that was created 17 years ago and is therefore quite basic and not easy use for all the staff that are used to more modern forms of spreadsheets. At the moment as each school places an order, it has to go through a processing system that takes a long time to fill out. Input Processing Output Forename Surname Position School Address Home Phone Mobile Books ordered Total Price Paid Payment method This is the route that the current data takes. 2.2 Constraints of the Current system The format of the current accounting system is in DOS and therefore has no GUI that is useable to a user for formats like EXCEL. The software and hardware are old and need to be replaced. * That main one is that it is not like the new accounts systems such as EXCEL and SAGE Line 100. There are many problems encountered when external people wish to view the accounts i.e. Auditors. * Another problem is that when outside people wish to review the accounts, they are totally unfamiliar with the system and are not able to use it correctly. This is mainly because of the layout and the basic look of the interface. * There is one major problem with the actual system and that is that it does not automatically perform calculations. Therefore all calculations need to be done using a calculator. This is time consuming. If there were a way that the users could just put in numbers and the computer could automatically calculate the totals and the answers the user would have more time to do other things. * Due to the lack of complexity of the system, errors are often made. 3. Requirements of the new system 3.1 General objectives The general objectives that I hope to be able to achieve are: * To create an up-to-date system that can be easily used by the staff and new staff * To be based on a modern GUI that all users will understand * To make it self explanatory so that new users will be able to pick up the methods quickly. * It will need to be able to hold the companys accounts * There will be no need for passwords to any of the data, as no strict personal data is held on the computer 3.2 Specific objectives quantitative * Customer accounts should be found in less then 20 seconds * The user should be able to locate a page by using in the click of a button. * All users should be able to use the system to do accounts. * Customer Details should be able to be printed off at the click of a button. * There should be buttons to do all reasonable jobs (print/open/add) * All pages should have links back to all the other pages, with the click of a macro and should be clearly labelled. 4. The current systems 4.1 Hardware The hardware that is available to the users is a small LAN of 4 computers and a server. All the computers have a barcode scanner for scanning in book barcode numbers and ISBNs. The computers that I have available for me to use are a set of 5 networked PCs at my house of which one has a barcode scanner. At college there is a large number of networked PCs for pupils use. They are all networked so that the users can log on to his/her area. The hardware available to me is Specifications Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP Connectors: Audio Line In (1/8 Mini) Ethernet RJ45 Twisted-Pair (XBaseT) IEEE 1394 4 pin Unpowered IEEE 1394 6 pin Powered Keyboard 6 pin mini-DIN (PS/2) Mouse 6 pin mini-DIN (PS/2) Parallel 25 pin D-shell (IEEE 1284A) USB Universal Serial Bus 2.0 Video 15 pin High-Density D-shell (VGA) Included Devices: Keyboard Mouse Barcode Scanner Chassis Style: Tower Input Devices: Keyboard Mouse Modem Speed: 1mb Cable *networked to all 5 Modem Type: Na Included Network Card: Ethernet (10/100 Mbps) normalized-Processor Speed: 2000 Video Integration: Motherboard Included Monitor: No Included Printer: No Sound Support: 3D Audio CD-ROM Read Speed: 40 X (CD,CD-R) CD Rewrite Speed: 12 X (CD,CD-R) CD Write Speed: 32 X (CD,CD-R) DVD-ROM Read Speed: 16 X (CD,CD-R) Hard Drive Capacity: 80 GB Included Drives: DVD/CD-RW Combo Floppy Drive Hard Drive Number of Hard Drives Included: 1 Bus Speed: 400 MHz Installed Memory: 512 MB Max System Memory: 1.5 kB Shared Video Memory: 32 MB Number of PCI Slots: 2 Processor Class: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Processor Speed: 2.0 GHz All 5 of the PCs that I have available to me at my house are all the same. (see above) 4.2 Software The software that the user has available is Microsoft Windows 95 professional edition with Office 95 and all relevant software for the barcode scanners and for the tele-book ordering. What I have available to use is Microsoft XP professional with Office 2000 which has excel, which Im using to create the new spreadsheet program 4.3 Users IT skills and knowledge I feel that the users ICT knowledge and skills are limited to what they can do. They are inexperienced in computer use and therefore they have not developed, because of this there will need to be a basic and informative and self-explanatory interface. I think that the interface will need to be bold and relevant to the tasks. The user manual will have basic information in using the system as well as a trouble shooting section. 1. Consideration of a possible solution There are many different packages that I could use to create an accounts program there is Sage Line100, which is widely used in large company businesses. There is also Microsoft own Excel, which is widely used, in smaller businesses. I am going to use excel to create the program because it is the most commonly available and is therefore the best choice to use. I think that it is also the easiest to use out of the two because many people use the program already and have a basic knowledge of the program already and how it works. It is also a lot clearer to see than the basic graphics of Line100. there is also the case that Excel is cheaper to buy than a copy of Sage Line100. at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250, Line100 is rather too expensive for a small company. I feel that with the cheaper, only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½89.99 Excel they will have a better deal on their hands. Microsoft Excel clearly dominates the spreadsheet market. Not too long ago, Lotus 1-2-3 was considered the standard spreadsheet. Excel now holds that distinction, with an estimated 90% market share.

Programming Languages: Types and Uses

Programming Languages: Types and Uses 1. Introduction C Programming is a computer language that is structured and disciplined approach to program design. Its a good systems programming language. This is faster than java, more predictable performance and it has low level operations and it has a lot scope for bugs. This C programming has no Boolean type . It is used by using int false is zero and true is non-zero A simple C program int main()Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer and it is used to describe the program #include Preprocessor directive tells the computer to load contents of a certain file allows standard input/output operations C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be main and Parenthesis is used to indicate a function . int means that main returns an integer value and braces indicate a block.The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces . printf( Welcome to C!n ); Instructs computer to perform an action specifically and prints string of characters within quotes.Entire line is called a statement. All statements must end with a semicolon.- means escape character. Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary.n is the newline character return 0; A way to exit a function. return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated normally . Right brace } Indicates end of main has been reached. Linker When a function is called, linker locates it in the library and Inserts it into object program. If function name misspelled, linker will spot error because it cannot find function in library. Calculator This is use very frequently in everyday life by almost everyone . In this calculator we can only perform operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), division (%), multiplication(*), only integer valued functions. We get accurate values too . 2. Scientific Calculator This calculator can perform all the operations that normal calculator can do and it can also perform the operations like Trigonometry: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Inverse^-1 Angles: DEG, DMS, Time Memories: M, K1, K2 Programs: LRN, COMP, HLT, (x) 3. C-Programming 3.1 What is c- programming ? A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks . The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, and Pascal. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions. Regardless of what language you use, you eventually need to convert your program into machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this: compile the program , interpret the program . 3.2 Programming process 3.2.1 Analyze the Problem A programmer must know what information will go into the software, how it will process the information, and what will result. All software must work with three concepts to be successful: Input: Information that comes from an external source and enters the software an. Input can come from typing on a keyboard, from records in a database, or from clicking on image with the mouse Processing: Manages information according to a piece of softwares logic. Processing is what the software does to the input it receives. This can be anything from adding a few numbers together to mapping the earths climate. Output: The information software produces after it has processed input. Output can appear on a computer screen, in a printout, or in records in a database. 3.2.2 Develop an Algorithm Algorithms are the steps needed to solve a problem using pseudocode or flowcharts. After creating an algorithm, programmers will check it. A logic error is a mistake in the way an algorithm solves a problem. Programmers check their algorithms by inputting test data and checking the logic by hand or with a calculator. 3.2.3. Document the Program: pseudocode Pseudocode uses English statements to create an outline of the necessary steps for a piece of software to operate. Programmers call these steps an algorithm. An algorithm is a set of specific steps that solves a problem or carries out a task. While there is no set of rules for writing pseudocode, it usually follows rules such as: Using simple English, Putting one command on a line, Placing any important words in bold, Starting from the top and work toward the bottom, Separating processes with spaces to form modules. 3.2.4 Write Code for the Program Code is when a programmer translates an algorithm into a programming language. 3.2.5 Run the Program Programmers also use program flowcharts to plot the softwares algorithm. A program flowchart is a graphical depiction of the detailed steps that software will perform. Unlike pseudocode, which has less structure, in flowcharts programmers must use symbols. 3.2.6 Testing the programs Debugging the process of finding errors in software code. Bugs are a common name for software errors. When programmers debug code, they look for syntax, run-time, and logic errors. Syntax errors mistakes in a software codes grammar. If you are supposed to use a semi-colon (;) and you use a colon (:) instead, you have made a syntax error. Run-time errors mistakes that occur when a programmer runs the software code . Logic errors mistake made in the way an algorithm solves a problem. 4. Types of programming 4.1 Object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) is any programming language that uses objects to code software. An object instance is an exact copy of an object in OOP. An event-driven language responds to actions users perform on the program. Its an event when you click on a button, use a pull-down menu, or scroll down a window. In an event-driven language, each event triggers the program to action. An OOP program models the world of active objects. An object may have its own memory, which may contain other objects. An object has a set of methods that can process messages of certain types. A method can change the objects state, send messages to other objects, and create new objects. An object belongs to a particular class, and the functionality of each object is determined by its class. A programmer creates an OOP application by defining classes. 4.2 The Main OOP Concepts Inheritance: a subclass extends a superclass; the objects of a subclass inherit features of the superclass and can redefine them or add new features. Event-driven programs: the program simulates asynchronous handling of events; methods are called automatically in response to events. OOP Benefits Facilitates team development and Easier to reuse software components and write reusable software. Easier GUI (Graphical User Interface) and multimedia programming . 4.3 Web-programming Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the basic language for web programming. JavaScript a scripting language that allows you to add interactivity and other features to a Web page. Java Applets A small piece of software that enables applications to run on a Web page. Dynamic HTML combines cascading style sheets, JavaScript, etc., to bring high interactivity to Web sites. VBScript an interpreted scripting language based on Visual Basic. It is similar to JavaScript but only Microsofts Internet Explorer Web browser can use it. Software Development Tools Editor: programmer writes source code for te program. Compiler: translates the source into object code (instructions specific to a particular CPU). Linker: converts one or several object modules into an executable program. Debugger: stepping through the program in slow motion, helps find logical mistakes (bugs). 5. Array Group of consecutive memory locations and Same name and type To refer to an element, specifying Array name and Position number Format: arrayname[position number] First element at position 0 and n element array named c: c[0], c[1]c[n-1] Array elements are like normal variables c[0] = 3; printf( %d, c[0] ); Perform operations in subscript. If x = 3, c[5-2] == c[3] == c[x] When declaring arrays, specify: Name, Type of array, Number of elements arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ]; int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ]; Declaring multiple arrays of same type and Format similar to regular variables int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ]; Examples Using Arrays Initializers int n[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers r there, rightmost elements become 0 and If too many are there then its a syntax error. int n[5] = {0} All elements is 0 C arrays have no bounds checking and If size is omitted, initializers determine it int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializers, therefore 5 this iselement array Character arrays String hello is really a static array of characters and Character arrays can be initialized using string literals char string1[] = first; null character terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements char string1[] = { f, i, r, s, t, }; Access individual characters string1[ 3 ] is character s Array name is address of array, so not needed for scanf scanf( %s, string2 ) ; Reads characters until whitespace encountered and Can write beyond end of arrays. 5.1 Interpretation interpreter = program that executes program statements and generally one line or command at a time for a limited processing and its easy to debug, make changes, view intermediate results. 5.2 Compilation translates statements into machine language and does not execute, but creates executable program to perform optimization over multiple statements in order to changing requires recompilation and it can be harder to debug, since executed code may be different. 5.3 Compiling a C Program Preprocessor macro substitution and conditional compilation of a source-level transformations and output is still C. 5.4 Compiler generates object file from machine instructions. Source Code Analysis is a front end parses programs to identify its pieces variables, expressions, statements, functions, etc. depending on language (not on target machine). Code Generation is a back end generating machine code from analyzed source may optimize machine code to make it run more efficiently very dependent on target machine. Symbol Table map between symbolic names and items like assembler, but more kinds of information. 5.5 Linker combine object files (including libraries) into executable image. 5.6 Sorting Arrays Sorting data is Important computing application and eventually every organization must sort some data into Massive amounts of sorted information. Bubble sort (sinking sort) has Several passes through the array and Successive pairs of elements are compared in order to increasing order (or identical ), no change is there If decreasing order is done and if elements exchanged. 6. Algorithms There are many fundamental problems that arise in engineering and other areas of application. These include sorting data, searching for specific data values, numerical integration, finding roots of functions, solving ordinary differential equations and solving systems of linear equations and We will spend about four weeks studying important algorithms for these problems. Algorithms are the steps needed to solve a problem using pseudocode or flowcharts. After creating an algorithm and its programmers check its logic. A logic error is a mistake in the way an algorithm solves a problem. Programmers check their algorithms by inputting test data and checking the logic by hand or with a calculator. 7. IDE à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Integrated Development Environment The integrated development environment Combines editor, compiler, linker, debugger, other tools and Has GUI (graphical user interface), Compiles + links + runs at the click of a button Helps put together a project with several modules (source files) . Compiler: checks syntax and generates machine-code instructions so that its not needed to run the executable program to run faster . Interpreter: checks syntax and executes appropriate instructions while interpreting the program statements and must remain installed while the program is interpreted so the interpreted program is slower. Platform independent . Load from the Internet faster than source code. Interpreter is faster and smaller than it would be for Java source. Source code is not revealed to end users. Interpreter performs additional security checks, screens out malicious code. 8. Preprocessor Directives #include Before compiling, copy contents of header file (stdio.h) into source code. Then Header files typically contain descriptions of functions and variables needed by the program. no restrictions it could be any C source code #define STOP 0 Before compiling, it replaces all instances of the string STOP with the string 0 Called a macro and its Used for values that wont change during execution, but might change if the program is reused. (Must recompile) . main Function Every C program must have a function called main(). This is the code that is executed when the program is running. The code for the function lives within brackets. main() { /* code goes here */ } Variable Declarations Variables are used as names for data items. And Each variable has a type, which tells the compiler how the data is to be interpreted (and how much space it needs, etc.). int counter; int startPoint; int is a predefined integer type in C. Input and Output Variety of I/O functions in C Standard Library. And must include to use them. printf(%dn, counter); String contains characters to print and formatting directions for variables. This call says to print the variable counter as a decimal integer, followed by a linefeed (n). scanf(%d, startPoint); String contains formatting directions for looking at input. This call says to read a decimal integer and assign it to the variable start Point . Can print arbitrary expressions, not just variables printf(%dn, startPoint counter); Print multiple expressions with a single statement printf(%d %dn, counter, startPoint counter); Different formatting options: %d decimal integer %x hexadecimal integer %c ASCII character %f floating-point number Examples of C-Programming *Program to implement an array #include #include #define MAX 3 void insert ( int *, int pos, int num ) ; void del ( int *, int pos ) ; void reverse ( int * ) ; void display ( int * ) ; void search ( int *, int num ) ; void main( ) { int arr[3] ; clrscr( ) ; insert ( arr, 1, 11 ) ; insert ( arr, 2, 12 ) ; insert ( arr, 3, 13 ) ; printf ( nElements of Array: ) ; display ( arr ) ; insert ( arr, 2, 222 ) ; insert ( arr, 3, 333 ) ; printf ( nnAfter insertion: ) ; getch( ) ; } { int i ; for ( i = MAX 1 ; i >= pos ; i ) arr[i] = arr[i 1] ; arr[i] = num ; } { int i ; for ( i = pos ; i arr[i 1] = arr[i] ; arr[i 1] = 0 ; } { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i { int temp = arr[i] ; arr[i] = arr[MAX 1 i] ; arr[MAX 1 i] = temp ; } } { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i { if ( arr[i] == num ) { printf ( nnThe element %d is present at %dth position., num, i + 1 ) ; return ; } } if ( i == MAX ) printf ( nnThe element %d is not present in the array., num ) ; } } *Program to allocate memory dynamically for strings, and store their addresses in array of pointers to strings #include #include #include #include void main( ) { char *name[5] ; char str[20] ; int i ; clrscr( ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i { printf ( Enter a String: ) ; gets ( str ) ; name[i] = ( char * ) malloc ( strlen ( str ) + 1 ) ; strcpy ( name[i], str ) ; } printf ( nThe strings are: ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i printf ( n%s, name[i] ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i free ( name[i] ) ; getch( ) ; } 9. Conclusion and future work Conclusion Finally the conclusion is that a small study on the C-programming and how it is used to built scientific calculator. Future work The future work is that to implement scientific calculator based on the c-programming .

Workers Need a Living Wage Essay -- Its Time to Raise the Minimum Wag

It's 6:00am and that annoying beep of your alarm is ringing in your ears. You get up, start the coffee maker, shower, and get dressed in your work attire. You start your car and back out of your drive-way before noticing that you're running on the last fumes of your tank. You drive to nearest gas station where you see gas prices have, once again, risen. The aforementioned scenario is only one of many examples of the depreciating value of the dollar. In fact, in the past five years, the CPI-U has increased from 168.8 to 190.7 - that's a 12.97% inflationary increase (Historical CPI)! Sure, to Corporate Joe in his fancy sports car, a few extra pennies for gas isn’t much, but what about the school janitor who is trying to successfully raise a family of four on minimum wage? The most immediate reality behind Living Wage organizing is the dramatic erosion of the minimum wage. Even with the 1996 increase to $5.15 an hour the buying power of the minimum wage is still 30 percent below its peak in 1968. This is true despite the fact the economy was about fifty percent more productive than in 1968. A minimum wage that had kept pace with productivity gains would be roughly $11.20 today (Pollin and Luce, 58). In fact, in 2003 the poverty rate rose from 12.1 to 12.5 percent leaving 35.9 million people at or below the poverty line of $18,660 for a family of four (U.S. Census Bureau). These 35.9 million people trudge through their manual labor occupations day in and day out only to see the (few) dollars they earn slowly depreciate in value. In 1906, John Ryan, advocate of the living wage, wrote "Every man who is willing to work, has, therefore an inborn right to sustenance from the earth and on reasonable terms or conditio... ...ome of the fiscal burden they experience. With the increasingly inflating dollar and therefore the depreciating value of the minimum wage, an implementation of a universal living wage would be the humanitarian thing to do. Works Cited Historical Consumer Price Index. Historical CPI. 2003. 4 March 2015. Pollin, Robert and Stephanie Luce. The Living Wage: Building A Fair Economy. New York: New Press, 1998. U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty 2003 Highlights. 26 August 2004. 25 February 2015. Glickman, Lawrence. A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of a Consumer Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. Acorn.org. ACORN: About Acorn. 2005. 2 March 2015.