Big Five Basic Trait Clusters Essay Example for Free

Big Five Basic Trait Clusters Essay In the general field of psychology, the concept of trait of each individual comprises collectively their attitude, behavior, motivational factor, and other significant characteristics relative to their individuality. These specific traits manifest and determine dominantly their actions, perception, and other reasoning in which the characteristics of their trait become the foundation of their personality. In particular to this field, the empirical field of psychology establishes five major personality traits significant in the determination and classification of personality characteristics. These major classifications are established based on the manifested characteristic of the involved individual and its influence on the person’s social characteristics and behavior. In the empirical field of psychology, the five major trait clusters are established as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The trait characteristic of openness is mainly related to the affiliation and sensitivity of the person towards the field of art, adventure, emotion, unusual ideas and eccentricity, with a commonly heightened passion for creativity and imagination. The trait of conscientiousness display great tendency towards self-discipline, responsibility, ductility in action and behavior, and inclination towards achievements. The trait of extraversion is characterized dominantly by restfulness, positive emotion, and a significant motivation from social companionship. The fourth trait namely agreeableness display great tendency towards being compassionate and cooperative towards others with minimal antagonistic behavior in their social relationship. The last trait cluster namely neuroticism is characterized by the person’s susceptibility to unpleasant emotions such as vulnerability towards depression, anger, behavioral instability, and anxiety. Considering the characteristics and fundamental concepts behind each behavioral cluster, this author particularly find much connection towards the group classification of openness and conscientiousness manifested with the behavior and personality of this author. Based on personal assessment, among the dominant behavior of this author are his artistic expressionism, adventurous personality, imaginative design, ingenuity, and a great value towards curiosity. Based on this, this author determine that he is inclined towards an opened behavioral trait yet, his perception towards personal responsibility and discipline makes him also a conscientious person. Based on these factors, the author of this paper belongs to both traits with an equal manifestation of their characteristics. Bibliography Wiggins, Jerry S. (1996). The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives. The Guilford Press. 1st Edition. ISBN-10: 157230068X.

Society, Class, and Conflict the Social Criticism of Virginia Woolf Ess

Virginia Woolf offers interesting analysis of social pressure and social class in Mrs. Dalloway and The Years. Understanding Woolf’s message about society demands a certain amount of sensitivity and decoding on behalf of her reader. Her social criticism in both texts can be easily overlooked because she keeps it subtle and implicit, hidden in the patterns and courses of her characters’ trains of thoughts. Yet upon such close reading, the essential importance of conflict between the individual and society in Woolf’s work becomes clear. While Mrs. Dalloway critiques the mental consequences of socialization, self-restraint, and the subsequent regret, The Years examines the relationship between the upper classes and the lower classes and the physical consequences of their respective places in society. Virginia Woolf’s stream-of-consciousness style of narration is essential to her method of providing social criticism. Instead of forcing extreme physical situations or conflicts into her text, Woolf instead offers nuanced observations through her characters’ patterns and trains of thought. Virginia Woolf said of Mrs. Dalloway, â€Å"I want to criticise the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense† (Zwerdling), a statement that may surprise some readers. However, allowing the reader to witness each individual thought of the characters as they are linked together helps provide insight into how the social system influences their thoughts, memories, and ultimately their identities. The strength of Woolf’s social criticism comes from her ability to infer judgment in this fashion and presents interesting perspectives on class conflict, socialization self-restraint, regret, and coming to terms (or rejecting) with the conditions ... ...s assuming particular identities and suppressing their desires. Through Rose, Woolf shows us that rebellion against this social order comes at a cost. Meanwhile, through Clarissa the reader learns of the the regret that must accompany assuming a social role for the sake of material success. Instead of focusing on the technological and economic progress of her time, Woolf highlights the psychological consequences of social change. As societies grow more complicated and intense with their development, her stream-of-consciousness style provides her readers with insight into the individual costs that we all must pay. Works Cited Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. Orlando: Harcourt, 1981. Print. Woolf, Virginia. The Years. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1937. Print. Zwerdling, Alex. "Mrs. Dalloway and the Social System." PMLA 92.1 (1977): 69-82. Print.

Descriptive Statistics Essay

In research, the need to accurately produce results is imperative to efficient research. Team C’s hypothesis of what generates champion teams needs many tools provided in research to achieve a true answer. Team C has further simplified the meaning of champion team to any team whose team dynamics cause the team to have a winning season. With that being said, this paper will be focused on the research tools needed and the results provided by the tools to answer what stats are important for teams in the MLB to win games and eventually be champions. Measures of Central Tendencies Even when dealing with enormous sets of data it is important to get an idea by looking at the measures of central tendency. The first three that will be looked at are mean, median, and mode. Mean is â€Å"a measure of central tendency that offers a general picture of data without inundating one with each of the observations in a data set† (Sekaran, p. 396, para 3). A more common term for mean is average. The median is â€Å"the central item in a group of observations when they are arrayed in ascending or descending order† (Sekaran, p. 396, para 5). Mode is the â€Å"most frequently occurring phenomenon† (Sekaran, 396, para 6). The following table shows the mean, median, and mode for the four sets of data that Team C will be researching: Wins, Salary, Total Season Attendance, and Team Earned Run Average. Although the chart has shown detailed information, the need for dispersion will aid in achieving more precise data collection. Dispersion Dispersion is a critical part of statistics because of the accuracy factor. In team C’s hypothesis, the stats the team are searching for are the stats  that generate wins for a Major League Baseball team. In dispersion, four subsets can help develop a more accurate picture of Team C’s hypothesis. The four are range, average deviation, variance, and standard deviation. The four tools of dispersion help to paint a clear picture of how the four identified stats help develop winning teams. Measure skewness will help to make sure the data collected is uniform. Measure of Skew Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry. A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point (NIST/SEMATECK, 2010). The skewness for a normal distribution is zero, and any symmetric data should have skewness near zero. Negative values for the skewness indicate data skewed left and positive values for the skewness indicate data skewed right. Skewed left is defined as the left tail is long in comparison to the right tail on the histogram. Skewed right is defined as the right tail is long in comparison to the left tail histogram. Wins Team C’s research demonstrates a champion Major League Baseball team success is a result of the number of wins, salary of players, season attendance, and the team’s earned run average. The average wins for 30 teams, or the mean is 81, whereas the median is equal to the mean at 81 wins. The mode or most recurring number of wins is 95. The skewness of the applied wins data results in a negative number, resulting in a negative or data skewed to the left. In this case the variance is so minimal that the histogram for wins would look symmetrical rather than negatively skewed. Salary The salary of a Major League player can be closely tied to the quality and quantity of the player’s ability and results. The team salary mean is $73,063,563 and the median is $66,191,417. The skewness for this data is a 2.17, positively skewed to the right which means that the mean exceeds the median. This dramatic difference in data is a result of the variation in the highest team salary compared to the mean. The mean is $73,063,563 and there are extremes in excess of 200 million dollars for a team salary pulling the mean in excess of the median. Attendance Attendance in a Major League game directly impacts the budget and ability to pay higher salaries for better players. The data researched shows a mean of 2.4 million and a median of 2.5 million. The skewness is displayed as positively skewed or skewed to the right. The variance is very minimal resulting in a symmetrical histogram. The slight pull to the right is a result of increased attendance at 3.5 to 4 million at a handful of stadiums. Team ERA Measurement of Central Tendency and Dispersion of Data Mean, median and mode are used to measure central tendency and the dispersion of data. â€Å"In general, the mean is the descriptive statistic most often used to describe the central tendency of a group of measurements.†(Science Buddies, 2010) However, the mean is not always the best measure of central tendency and dispersion when there is a presence of extreme values in the data. â€Å"Of the three measures, it is the most sensitive measurement, because its value always reflects the contributions of each of the data values in the group. The median and the mode are less sensitive to â€Å"outliers†Ã¢â‚¬â€data values at the extremes of a group.†(Science  Buddies, 2010) The mode measures the highest recorded frequencies of data measures, and it helps to determine where most of the data lies. The mode is very useful when the data is overly skewed. The median helps to determine the quartile range and the skew of the data. The median is not affected much by the sma ll proportion of the data with very high or very low values. The median is a good measure of the central tendency and dispersion of the data when considering what makes a Major League Baseball team successful team. After reviewing all data collected, Team C has derived that the combination of these stats gives the solution for the hypothesis posed. Solution After extensive research, Team C has discovered that the factors the team focused on do have an effect on the wins for a Major League Baseball team. In the case of attendance, a successful team needs a minimum of 2.4 million fans to be able to pay quality players. In addition, this high fan base can help generate the 73 million needed to pay quality players and operate the team. These quality players need to provide a minimum of 4.28 for the ERA. Although this stat is based on a pitcher, the team as a whole has to be good enough to aid the pitcher in this goal. If the teams can achieve this goal, their average wins would be well over 81 wins for the season. This is a winning season, and eventually, as numerous teams that have fallen into these categories have shown, the championship could be the reward. Conclusion A team that plays smart and efficient will win games and championships. The number of wins, salaries, attendance, and earned run average (ERA) contribute to this success. ERA is the average number of runs allowed by the pitcher. The lower number of runs the better. The ERA stats tell us that the most number of wins by a team is 95. The overall team salaries indicate that the player salaries are indicative of player quality, ability, and results thereof. The attendance of the fans and public plays a major role in the success of the team. The monies generated from attendance make it possible for owners and management to hire quality talent. Owners and management must be consistent when hiring and managing the players. Team C has concluded through its research that these are the major factors for winning games and championships. References NIST/SEMATECH. (2010). e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, retrieved from http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook eda/section3/eda35b.htm. Science Buddies. (2010). Summarizing Your Data. Retrieved from http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair- projects/project_data_analysis_summarizing_data.shtml Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach. (4th ed.). John Wiley & Son, Inc. New York, NY. *Histogram and other charts located on attached Excel Spreadsheet*

The Transnational Political Practices of Chilean Migrants...

When studying the transnational political practices of Chilean migrants in the Netherlands, a transnational approach forms part of the theoretical framework. The work on transnational migration by Glick Schiller, Basch and Blanc-Szanton (1992) offers this analytical framework. Glick Schiller et al. have been among the first scholars to have introduced a transnational approach in understanding the effects of migration. They define transnationalism as â€Å"The processes by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement† (p.1). These migrants who are involved in transnationalism are labeled ‘transmigrants’. â€Å"Transmigrants develop and maintain multiple relations – familial, economic, social, organizational, religious, and political that span borders† (1992, p.1). These transnational linkages that transcend national borders can be placed in the light of a bigger phenomenon called globalization. Globalization makes the world figuratively smaller and more compressed in terms of time and space. According to Inda and Rosaldo (2008), globalization creates interconnection and relations between places and people that go beyond the territorial borders of a nation state. This transnational and global element makes migrants people â€Å"Who inhabit imagined communities of belonging that cut across and encompass multiple national terrains† (p. 23). Transnational linkages and feelings of multiple belonging can be developed in severalShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies

The Coming Of Christianity And The Kingdom Of The Franks

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The rise of the Carolingians marked a major turning point for Frankish kingship that altered the justification of authority from ancestral ties to divine acceptance. Before the Carolingian dynasty began, the Merovingian dynasty ruled the Franks starting in the mid fifth century. As a dynasty, the Merovingian rule foundationally stood upon the leadership of the royal family, in that no one outside of the family could be at the head of the kingdom. However, the position of the mayor of the palace had many responsibilities and other official daily tasks thatShow MoreRelatedThe Crusades And The Holy Land Of Europe1526 Words   |  7 PagesCrusades began as a series of some religious wars which the Latin Church sanctioned between the periods of 11th to 16th centuries. The aim of coming up with crusades was to save Jerusalem from the Islamic rule at that time. As much as crusades were for advancing the cause of Christ, they began as a way to free the Christians from the Islamic rule and force. 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What Does Trump s 6 Point Health Care Plan Actually Mean...

What Does Trump’s 6 Point Health Care Plan Actually Mean for the Industry? Healthcare Reform President Elect, Donald Trump, posted an updated transition plan for his Healthcare Reform on the website www.greatagain.gov. The website outlines his concerns with the Affordable Care Act (ACA); going on to describe rapidly rising premiums and deductibles along with shrinking networks and health insurance. â€Å"A Trump Administration will work with Congress to repeal the ACA and replace it with a solution that includes Health Savings Accounts (HSAs), and returns the historic role in regulating health insurance to the States† It reads. â€Å"The Administration’s goal will be to create a patient-centered healthcare system that promotes choice, quality and affordability of health insurance and healthcare, and take any needed action to alleviate the burdens imposed on American families and businesses by the law.† The post outlines six main bullets that Trump plans focus on during his reform. 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Will Moller Analysis free essay sample

As a result, those athletes are looked down upon for cheating the game and the fans. Nonetheless, people fail to understand the outside factors that influence great athletes such as Barry Bonds and Ben Johnson to use performance enhancing drugs. In his May 5, 2009 article â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Will Moller, blog writer for The Yankees $, argues that that performance-enhancing drugs should be permissible because the majority of good professional baseball players are forced to take steroids and such, as a result of baseball fans placing players on a pedestal to perform beyond their capacity. Moller makes a good point that fans have some responsibility for athletes cheating because of the pressure fans place on them to perform at an enormously high level; however, there are other responsible parties as well, including coaches, players, and the NCAA drug policy system as a whole. One of the primary reasons for athletes using performance-enhancing drugs is because of the fans animalistic desire for great entertainment. This actually causes athletes to want to perform at the highest level possible and stand out as great icons to the fans. To support his implication, Moller uses the pathos appeal, as he presents an analogy, of his personal experience as a student who was forced to use Ritalin because he struggled with the rigorous and competitive academic work assigned to him. Moller’s reaction to his choice was that he â€Å"did what [he] felt [he] needed to do, to accomplish the goal that was demanded† from him, despite understanding the â€Å"serious side effects, magnifying [his] senses in a very negative way. Nonetheless, academic success outweighed the bad side effects. Similarly, college and professional athletes are placed on a pedestal that urges them to accomplish success, win championships, and set unbreakable records. He also appeals to reasoning by recognizing that athletes should not be severely misjudged as cheaters for using performance enhancing drug use because they wish to perform better for their fans. There are other outside factors that also pressure players to cheat. Coaches’ extreme pressure towards their players to perform at a high level indirectly encourages athletes to use steroids and develop more strength. Notre Dame coach Lou Holtz was believed to be a primary cause for his players using anabolic steroids during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Steve Huffman, a former linebacker, claimed coach Holtz â€Å"put [him] in this situation† because he once criticized the injured star during a team speech by stating that Huffman â€Å"let everybody in this room down if [he] quit. † In addition, Holtz threatened to rescind Huffman’s scholarship and showed no remorse or care for Huffman and the rest of the players during the losing season. Coaches who exert a strong mental toughness are perceived as good leaders who may lead their team to overall success. However, fans and the media do not recognize that tough love can have a burden on players, physically and emotionally. A coach, who constantly scolds players instead of guiding them, is tortuously leading players to use performance-enhancing drugs in hope of easing the burden and accomplishing what everyone around them selfishly wants. Coach Holtz practiced such coaching methods and as a result, school officials admitted that during the 1986 season five players tested positive for anabolic steroid use. Aside from coaches, the weak NCAA drug policy system also influences players to cheat. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is undeniably much more prevalent than it is generally acknowledged to be because of the weak policy regulations. Welch Suggs, an American collegiate sportswriter for The Chronicle of Higher Education, claims steroid use is rampant among college-level players. A senate panel spoke to a former college football athlete, who choose to remain anonymous, claimed that despite gaining twenty pounds and dropping his 40-yard dash time to 4. 5 seconds, his coaches urged him and many other players to gain even more weight and become stronger. People may be asking themselves how players are able to avoid the NCAA random drug policy tests. The former college football star argues that â€Å"the policy is weak, however, and fairly predictable, with the drug tests falling in roughly the same period of time every year† (Suggs). The weak enforcement gives athletes a greater motivation to begin using performance-enhancing drugs. Don Catlin, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at UCLA, oversees and examines drug testing for the NCAA and believes it is not â€Å"aggressive enough, but that’s society and the mind-set. The dollars just aren’t there† (Suggs). Fans, coaches, the NCAA, and society as a whole are responsible for encouraging cheating and drug use. People are not taking the matter seriously and as a result, steroids and other drugs are easily available for athletes to purchase online, in the streets, or maybe even from their coaches. In fact, Charles Grassley, the former Iowa Republican chairman of the caucus, showed the NCAA senate panel online auctions on eBay for Winstrol and Dianabol, which are commonly prescribed steroids. Ultimately, the fact that drug testing policies are so weak is practically asking players to use performance-enhancing drugs and cheat the game. Fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA drug policy may influence players to use steroids, but the ultimate decision is left to the athlete. Just as everyone is responsible for their choices, players must decide whether they wish to cheat, just as Moller had. The option to cheat in academics or sports is easily available, despite most people not realizing it. In a March 1st, 2010 blog in Sports Illustrated, â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING† writer Joe Posnanski argues that the beautiful game of baseball and other sports has always existed, despite people claiming that it has not or that baseball has become corrupt due to steroid and amphetamine use. He begins by introducing author Pete Hamill, a novelist, who believes that the game of baseball was at its finest, prior to performance enhancing drug use. To develop his argument, Posnanski concedes to the opposition first by praising Pete Hamill’s romantic novels and later criticizes Hamill’s willful self-deception by naively believing that drug use is not common in America and American baseball, as a means of cheating. Posnanski understand that baseball like all other sports â€Å"was never innocent, that America was never innocent, that innocence itself was never innocent† (Posnanski). Posnanski concedes first to show his respect by demonstrating his own character. In doing this, he is able to highlight the significant accomplishments in baseball history that have occurred due to amphetamine usage. In addition, Posnanski claims that steroids are much more readily available today than in the past. But cheating has always existed, in all forms. The fans, the coaches, and the NCAA itself are all responsible for willful self-deception as well, for having influenced players to begin using performance-enhancing drugs but believing steroid use is not rampant in college-level and professional sports. Fans are not entirely responsible for athletes cheating in college-level and professional sports. However they are one of many factors that contribute to players using performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes, fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA dug policy and enforcement may all determine an athlete’s choice to cheat; however, the players themselves must be accountable for their choices. Illicit drug use has negative side effects that can be harmful to athletes. But the desire to perform at a high level, break scoring records, win games, and championships is an always tempting just as it is to get an A on an exam. Works Cited Huffman, Steve. â€Å"I Deserve My Turn. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 27 Aug. 1990. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Moller, Will. â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses. † The Yankees $. N. p. , 5 May, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Posnanski, Joe. â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Suggs, Welch. â€Å"Steroids Are Rampant Among College Athletes, a Senate Panel Is Told. † The Chronicle of Higher Education. 50. 46 (2004): A33. ProQuest. Web. 14 Nov. 2012