Endocrine System Communication

Endocrine System Communication apologize the grandeur of inter carrelular phoneular chat and describe the mechanism involved.Intercellular communication is pregnant because it assist the neuronal system to elongatethe long-term carry out of growth, reading, or re take. The ductless secretory organ systemuses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions mingled with cells. iodin of themechanisms involved in intercellular communication is know as direct communicationthis communication is rargon still is important when it chokes. This is when deuce cells of thesame type and the cells must be in extensive animal(prenominal) contact. The cells argon so close they position as iodin. The majority of the communication is known as paracrinecommunication which is where the cell continuously exchanges chemical messages betwixt for each one other so they are in sink with one other.Compare and contrast the modes of intercellular communication used by the ductless secretor and nervous systems and discuss the functional menageificance of the differences between the two systems.The nervous system performs short term crisis management and the ductless gland systemregulates long-term, current metabolic processes. The endocrine system uses endocrinecommunication which helps regulate ductless glands through the circulatory system and thenervous system dose not make water the capability to do this. Another significant difference issynaptic communication, the nervous system uses this form of communication of neuronsto publish neurotransmitter at a synapse very(prenominal) close to a put cell that bears the rightreceptors. This form of communication each(prenominal)ows the body to react quickly to situations toescape from harm.Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal exercise and identify which hormone types work through each mechanisms.A hormone receptor is a protein hint to which a particular molecule bindsstrongly. Each cell has re ceptors for serveing to several polar hormones,but cells in different tissues have different combinations of receptors. For everycell, the presence or absence of a specific receptor determines the cells hormonalsensitivities. Hormone receptors are located both on the cell tissue layer or inside thecell. The mechanisms of hormonal action are that receptors for catecholamines, peptidehormones and eicosanoids are in the cell membrane of target cells. thyroid gland gland and steroidhormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytol or nucleus,activating or inactivating specific genes. get the control of endocrine organs.The endocrine organs are controlled by three mechanisms of the hypothalamic control.One is the secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland gland. devil the ware of ADH and oxytocin. And finally is the control ofsympathetic output to suprarenal gland medullae.Explain the structural and functional re lationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.The pituitary gland releases nine important peptide hormones that all bind to themembrane receptors and use cyclic-AMP as a second messenger. The pituitary glandhangs subscript to the hypothalamus which all the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland tohelp in the function of the hypophyseal portal system. By the hypothalamus secretingspecific regulatory hormones it controls the production of hormones in the anterior lobe.This whole system works to secret hormones from the hypothalamus through the pituitarygland in a network of capillaries that are connected. All this ensures that all thehypothalamic hormones entering the portal vessels pass on reach the target cells in theanterior lobe of the pituitary gland before entering general circulation. calculate how alternations in hormone production, delivery, or reception by target tissues would bushel its action and kind soaking up levels.Describe the factors that could deter mine a cells hormonal sensitivity.Cells sensitivity is determined by two factors down-regulation and up-regulation. Downregulation is a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a come in thenumber of hormone receptors. This process is when levels of particular hormones arehigh, cells break down less in the buff to it. Up-regulation is a process in which the absence ofa hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors. In this process thelevels of a particular hormone are low, cells become to a greater extent sensitive to it. determine the hormones letd by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and depose the functions of those hormones.The anterior lobe produces seven hormones thyroidal-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release ofthyroid hormones. As circulation concentrations of thyroid hormones rise, the rate ofTRH and TSH production decrease. adrenocorticotropic hormone ( adrenocorticotrophin) s tabilises the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland gland cortex and targets cells that produce glucocorticoids.Gonadotropins regulate the activities of the gonads.Follicle-stimulating hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone) campaigns follicle development in fe mannishs and, incombination with luteinizing hormone, stimulates the secretion if estrogen by ovariancells. In mannishs, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells, change cells in the tubules wheresperm differentiate.Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces ovulation, the production of reproductive cell infe males. Also promotes the secretion, by the ovaries, of estrogen and the progestin, whichprepare the body for pregnancy. In male hormone is sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), because it stimulates the production of conjure up hormones by theinterstitial cells of the testes.Prolactin (PRL) works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland development. reaping hormone (GH) stimulates cell grow th and replication by accelerating the rate ofprotein synthesis.The posterior lobe produces two hormonesAntidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in receipt to a variety of stimuli, most notablya rise in the solute concentration in the blood or a fall in blood volume or blood pressure.A rise in the solute concentration stimulates specialized hypothalamic neurons.Oxytocin (OT) stimulates smooth muscles contraction in the wall of the uterus, promotinglabor and delivery. After delivery this hormones stimulates the contraction ofmyoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary gland,promoting the ejection of milk.Discussion the results of subnormal levels of pituitary hormonesAbnormal levels of pituitary hormones can have a cast and complex impact on thegrowth, fertility, and function on the human body via the effect of the hormones on theirtarget organs. Diseases anywhere from asthma to growth problems can occur.Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, sterilise the functions of those hormones, and discuss the causes and results of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones.The thyroid gland produces thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and thyroxine. The functions of thesehormones areThyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy strung-out transport system and they affect almost every cell in the body.Thyroid hormones bound to cytoplasmic receptors are held in storage untilintracellular levels of thyroid hormone decline. Thyroid hormones bound tomitochondria increase ATP production. Thyroid hormones bound to receptors inthe nucleus activates genes that control energy utilization.The calorigenic effect the cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation.In maturation children, thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of the skeletal, unchewable, and nervous systems.The thyroid gland is primarily responsible for a strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in the rate of cellular metabolism.The maj or factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release is the concentration of TSH in the travel blood. The causes of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can create an iodide deficiencybecause in the U.S. we consume more than they daily amount needed. Thyroid hormoneproduction declines, regardless of the circulating levels of TSH.Describe the functions of the parathyroid hormones, and the effects of abnormal functions of each hormone.Parathyroid hormone has four major effects1. It stimulates osteoclasts, accelerating mineral turnover and the release ofCa2+ from bone.2. It inhibits osteoblasts, trim down the rate of atomic number 20 deposition in bone.3. It enhances the re density of Ca2+ at the kidneys, reduce urinarylosses.4. It stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. Theeffects of calcitriol complement or enhance those of PTH, but one majoreffect of calcitriol is the enhancement of Ca2+ and PO43- submergence by thedigestive tract.The parathyroi d glands, aided by calcitriol, are the autochthonic regulators of bloodcalcium I levels in healthy adults. When the parathyroid calcium levels become abnormalthere are two disorders that can occur. Hypoparathyroidism the gland secretes lowcalcium concentrations in body fluid. Hyperparathyroidism is when calciumconcentrations become abnormally high.Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and medulla and specify the functions of each hormoneThe adrenal cortex secrets the hormones adrenocortical, mineralocorticoids,glucocorticoids and androgens. The adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are brisk ifthe adrenal glands are destroyed or removed, the individual will ruin unless corticosteroidsare administered. Mineralocorticoids increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water whichaccelerates urinary loss of potassium. Glucocorticoids release amino acids from skeletalmuscles and lipids from adipose tissue promote liver formation of glucose and animal starchpromotes perip heral utilization of lipids anti-inflammatory effects. Androgens are notimportant in men encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation inchildren and women. The adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. Thesehormones increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucoselevels releases lipids by adipose tissue. Also this is where the foment or flight syndrome issparked.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of adrenal hormone productionWhen the adrenal hormone becomes abnormal it produces several different disorders.The first is hypoaldosteronism the zone glomerulosa fails to produce enoughaldosterone, generally either as an early sign of adrenal insufficiency or because thekidneys are not releasing tolerable amounts of rein. A rare but serious disorder can occurcalled Addisons complaint which results from inadequate stimulations of the zonafasciculata by the pituitary hormone ACTH or, more commonly, from the inability of theadren al cells to synthesize the necessary hormones, generally from adrenal cell losscaused by autoimmune problems. Another disease is Cushings disease which resultsfrom overproduction of glucocorticoids. There is another aspect of abnormal productionof adrenal hormones that affects men and womens put forwardual characteristics calledadrenogenital syndrome. In women, this condition leads to the gradual development ofmale secondary sex characteristics, including body and facial hair patters. In male tocauses an increase of estrogen resulting in larger breast tissue or other egg-producing(prenominal) secondarysex characteristics. Last but not least there is a disorder of the adrenal medulla calledpheochromocytoma which is an overproduction of epinephrine that causes a tumor thatproduces catecholamines in massive quantities.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the pineal gland.It contains pinealocytes, which synthesize the hormone melatonin. The suggestedfunctions of the pine al gland is that it inhibits reproductive functions, protects againstdamage by free radicals, and sets circadian rhythms.Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas and specify the functions of those hormones.The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrinepancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The pancreatic isletsrelease insulin and glucagons. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, and itstimulates glucose transport into and utilization by, peripheral tissues. Glucagon isreleased when blood glucose levels decline, and it stimulates glycogen breakdown,glucose synthesis and fatty acid release.Discuss the results of abnormal levels of pancreatic hormone production.When the pancreatic hormones produce abnormal levels of insulin and glucose it causesan individual to be diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose concentrationthat is high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the k idneys. Glucoseappears in the urine, and urine production generally becomes excessive.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys, heart, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose tissue.Control of the heart, kidneys, thymus, gonads, and adipose tissue. The kidneys releaseerythropoietin and calcitriol into the red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone andkidneys. All of the hormones releases are to stimulate red blood cell production andcalcium and phosphate absorption and it also stimulates calcium ions from bone inhibitsPTH secretion. The heart controls the hormones natriuretic that targets the kidneys,hypothalamus and adrenal gland. These hormones increase water and salt loss atkidneys decrease thirst and crucify secretion of ADH and aldosterone. The adiposetissue contain two hormones that reliever to different functions, first is leptin whichtargets the hypothalamus for suppression of appetite permissive effects on GnRH andgonadotropin synthesis. Second is resisti n that targets cell throughout the body thatsuppresses insulin response. Last but not least are the gonads with the hormonesandrogens, inhibin, estrogen and progestin. All these hormones are targeted by thepituitary glands to support the reproductive organs in males and females.In males the interstitial cells of the testes produce androgens. Testosterone is the mostimportant sex hormone in males. sustentacular cells in the testes support thedifferentiation and physical maturation of sperm. Under FSH stimulation, these cellssecrete the hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe.The female body develops oocytes in the follicles follicle cells produce estrogens,especially estradiol. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells stimulate into a corpusluteum. Those cells release a mixture of estrogens and progestins, especiallyprogesterone.Explain how hormones interact to produce set up physiological responses.Hormones interact to produce coordinated phy siological responses in four ways1. antagonistic (opposing) effects2. synergistic (additive) effects3. permissive effects, in which one hormone is necessary for another toproduce its effect4. integrative effects, in which hormones produce different, butcomplementary, resultsIdentify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles.There are several hormones that are important for normal growth GH, insulin, PTH,calcitriol, reproductive and thyroid hormones. The circulation concentrations of thesehormones are regulated independently. Changes produce unique individual growthpatterns.Growth Hormone (GH) effects are most apparent in children where GH supportsmuscular and skeletal development. In adults GH assists in the maintenance ofnormal blood glucose concentrations and in the mobilization of lipid reserves.Thyroid hormones if these hormones are absent during fetal development or forthe first year after birth, the nervous system will fail to develo p normally andmental retardation will result. If T4 concentrations decline before puberty, normalskeletal development will not continue.Insulin without insulin the passageway of glucose and amino acids across cellmembranes will be drastically trim or eliminated.Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol promote the absorption of calciumsalts for subsequent deposition in bone. Without adequate levels of bothhormones, bones will be weak and flexible.Reproductive Hormones the sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens infemales) stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues.Differential growth bring forth by each hormone accounts for gender-relateddifferences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics.Define the general adaptation syndrome.Any condition that threatens homeostasis is a air.Our bodies respond to a variety of stress-causing factors through the generaladaptation syndrome (GAS), or stress response.The GAS can be divided into three mann equinsthe alarm phasethe resistance phasethe exhaustion phaseReference pageS.Schaffer. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.harford.edu/faculty/SSchaeffer/Endocrine%20Outline.docMartini. Chapter 18. The endocrine system. Retrieved January 20, 2008 fromhttp//www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/kpetti/Bio160/Martini7DetailLectOutlines/18-Detailed_Lect_Out_LO.pdf.pdf